Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 12
Waveguides
Islamic University of Gaza
Electrical Engineering Department
Dr. Talal Skaik
2012 1
Waveguides
2
Waveguides
3
Waveguides
5
Transmission Lines, Waveguides - Comparison
6
Transmission Lines, Waveguides - Comparison
7
12.2 Rectangular Waveguides
Assume a rectangular waveguide filled with lossless dielectric
material and walls of perfect conductor, Maxwell equations in
phasor form become,
2 E s k 2 E s 0
where k
Hs k Hs 0
2 2
8
Rectangular Waveguides
Applying on z-component:
2 Ezs k 2 Ezs 0
Ezs Ezs Ezs
2 2 2
k 2
Ezs 0
x 2
y 2
z 2
X Y Z
9
Rectangular Waveguides
X(x) c1 cos k x x c2 sin k x x
Y(y) c3 cos k y y c4 sin k y y
E zs ( x, y , z ) X ( x )Y ( y ) Z ( z ) Z ( z ) c5e z c6e z
Ezs j H zs
Exs 2 2
h x h y
Ezs j H zs *So once we know
E ys 2 2 Ez and Hz, we can
h y h x
find all the other
j Ezs H zs
H xs 2 2 fields.
h y h x
j Ezs H zs
H ys 2 2
h x h y
where
h 2 2 k 2 k x2 k y2 11
Modes of Propagation
From these equations we notice that there are different field patterns,
each of these field patterns is called a mode.
• Ezs=Hzs=0 (TEM mode): transverse electromagnetic mode. Both E
and H are transverse to the direction of propagation. From previous
equations we notice that all field components vanish for Ezs=Hzs=0.
→Rectangular waveguide can’t support TEM mode.
• Ezs=0, Hzs≠0 (TE modes) transverse electric
The electric field is transverse to the direction of propagation.
• Ezs ≠ 0, Hzs= 0 (TM modes) transverse magnetic
The magnetic field is transverse to the direction of propagation.
• Ezs ≠ 0, Hzs ≠ 0 (HE modes) hybrid modes
All components exist. 12
Transverse Magnetic (TM) mode
H z 0, Ezs A1 cos k x x A2 sin k x x A3 cos k y y A4 sin k y y e z
Boundary Ezs 0 at y 0,b (bottom and top walls) Tangential
components
Conditions Ezs 0 at x 0,a (left and right walls) are continuous
where h k k
2 2
x
2
y
a b 14
Transverse Magnetic (TM) mode
Propagation constant: h 2 k 2 ,
m n
2 2
h
2
, k
a b
m n
2 2
2
a b
15
Example: Field configuration for TM21 mode
16
Transverse Magnetic (TM) mode
m n
2 2
2
a b
The cuttoff occurs when:
m n
2 2
c 2 then j 0
a b
m n
2 2
1 1
or f cm ,n
2 a b
No propagation takes place at this frequency
Evanescent modes :
m n
2 2
When 2 and 0
a b
No wave propagation at all. (everything is attenuated)
So when f f c , all field components will decay exponantially. 17
Transverse Magnetic (TM) mode
Propagation occurs when
m n
2 2
2 j and 0
a b
This is the case we are interested since is when the wave
is allowed to travel through the guide.
So, at a given operating frequency f, only those modes with
f fc will propagate.
18
Transverse Magnetic (TM) mode
The cutoff Frequency is:
m n
2 2
1 1
f cm ,n
2 a b
2 2
u' m n 1
or f cmn , where u '
2 a b
The phase constant can be written in terms of f c as:
m
2
n
2
2
2
m n a b
2 1
a b 2
2
f
' 1 c , where ' k / u '
f 19
Transverse Magnetic (TM) mode
The guide wavelength is:
2 2 2 ' u'
g , but ' g , '
fc
2 ' fc
2 f
' 1 1
f f
', u ', ', and ' are parameters for unguided wave propagating
in the same dielectric medium ( , ) unbounded by the waveguide.
(i.e. waveguide removed and entire space is filled with dielectric.)
20
Transverse Electric (TE) modes
E z 0, H zs B1 cos k x x B2 sin k x x B3 cos k y y B4 sin k y y e z
j H zs H zs
E xs 2 0 at y 0,b
h y y
j H zs H zs
E ys 2 0 at x 0,a
h x x
m n z
Ez 0, H zs H o cos x cos ye
a b
Other components are
23
TE modes - Cuttoff
• The cutoff frequency is the same expression as for the TM
mode
2 2
u' m n
f c mn
2 a b
• For TE modes, (m,n) may be (0,1) or (1,0) but not (0,0). Both
m and n cannot be zero at the same time because this will force
the field components to vanish.
• Hence, the lowest mode can be TE10 or TE01 depending on the
values of a and b.
• It is standard practice to have a>b, thus TE10 is the lowest
mode. fc10 u '/ 2a
24
TE modes
• The dominant mode is the mode with lowest cutoff
frequency.
The cutoff frequency of the TE10 mode is lower than that of TM11
This occurs between cutoff frequency for TE10 mode and cuttoff
1 c 1 c
f f
2
26
TE10 mode
m n j z
For TE mode, H zs H o cos x cos ye
a b
x j z
For TE10 mode, H zs H o cos e
a
In the time domain: H z =Re H zs e jt
or Variation of the
field components
x
H z H o cos cos t z with x for TE10
a mode.
Similarly ,
a x
Ey H 0 sin sin t z
a
a x
Hx H 0 sin sin t z
a
Ez Ex H y 0 27
TE10 mode
28
TE/TM modes
Wave in the dielectric medium Inside the waveguide
2
f
' / u' ' 1 c
f
'
TE fc
2
' / fc
2
,TM ' 1
1 f
f
up /
u' / ' f 1 /
2
f
' 1 c
f
'
' u' / f f
1 c
2
f 29
Example 12.1
• Example: A rectangular waveguide with dimensions a=2.5 cm,
b=1 cm is to operate below 15.1 GHz. How many TE and TM
modes can the waveguide transmit if the guide is filled with a
medium characterized by σ=0, ε=4 ε0, µr=1? Calculate the
cutoff frequencies of the modes.
33
Example 12.3
• Example: in a rectangular waveguide for which a=1.5 cm,
b=0.8 cm, σ=0, µ=µ0, ε=4ε0.
x 3 y
H x 2sin t z A/m
11
cos sin 10
a b
• Determine:
• (a) the mode of operation.
• (b) the cutoff frequency
• (c) the phase constant β.
• (d) the propagation constant γ.
• (e) the intrinsic wave impedance η.
34
Example 12.3 - Solution
(a) the guide is operating at TM13 or TE13 . Suppose we choose TM13 .
2 2
u' m n 1 c c
(b) f cmn , u'
2 a b r r 2
2 2
c 1 3
Hence f c13 2
2
28.57 GHz
4 1.5 10 0.8 10
r
2 2 2
fc fc fc
(c) ' 1 1 1
f f c f
2 f 1011 f 50 GHz
1011 4
2
28.57
1 1718.81 rad/m
3 108 50
(d ) =j j1718.81/ m
2
f
2
377 28.57
(e) TM13 ' 1 c 1 154.7
f r 50 35
36