Penggunaan Integral 1

Intan Supraba, S.T., M.Sc., Ph.D.

The Outline (based on JMFT):

• Luas daerah bidang rata

• Volume benda putar
 Areas Between Curves
To find the area:
• divide the area into n strips of equal width y = f(x)
• approximate the ith strip by a rectangle
with base Δx and height f(xi) – g(xi).
• the sum of the rectangle areas is a good
approximation
y = g(x)
• the approximation is getting better as
n→∞.

The area A of the region bounded by the curves y=f(x), y=g(x), and
the lines x=a, x=b, where f and g are continuous and f(x) ≥ g(x) for
all x in [a,b], is: b
A   [ f ( x)  g ( x)]dx
a
 Example
2
1
2  x 2  x dx
y1  2  x 2 2
1 3 1 2
2x  x  x
3 2 1
-1 2
 8   1 1
 4   2    2   
 3   3 2
y2   x 8 1 1
6 2 
3 3 2
36  16  12  2  3 27 9
 
6 6 2
 Vertical VS Horizontal Strips
y x If we try vertical strips, we have to
integrate in two parts:
dx 2 4
y  x2
 x dx   x   x  2  dx
0 2
dx

y x
We can find the same area using a
horizontal strip.
y  x2 Since the width of the strip is dy, we
find the length of the strip by solving
dy
for x in terms of y.
y 2 x y  x2
y x y2 x 2
2 1 2 1 3 8 10
24 
  y  2  y y  2y  y
2
dy
0 2 3 0 3 3
 General Strategy
for Area Between Curves
1 Sketch the curves.

2 Decide on vertical or horizontal strips. (Pick whichever is easier to write

formulas for the length of the strip, and/or whichever will let you
integrate fewer times.)

3 Write an expression for the area of the strip.

(If the width is dx, the length must be in terms of x.
If the width is dy, the length must be in terms of y.

4
Find the limits of integration. (If using dx, the limits are x values; if
using dy, the limits are y values.)
5 Integrate to find area.
 Volumes
To find the volume of a solid S:
• Divide S into n “slabs” of equal width Δx (think of slicing a loaf of bread)
• Approximate the ith slab by a cylinder with base area A(xi) and “height” Δx. The
volume of the cylinder is A(xi)Δx
• the sum of the cylinder areas is a good approximation for the volume of the solid
• the approximation is getting better as n→∞.

Let S be a solid that lies between x=a and x=b. If the cross-sectional area of S
in the plane Px , perpendicular to the x-axis, is A(x), where A is an integrable
function, then the volume of S is : n b
V lim  A( x )x  
*
i i A( x)dx
a
max xi 0 i 1
 Example of a disk
How could we find
y x the volume of the cone?
One way would be
to cut it into a series of disks
(flat circular cylinders)
and add their volumes.

The volume of each disk is:

 r 2  the thickness

 x
2
 dx

In this case:
r= the y value of the function
thickness = a small change in x = dx
 The volume of each flat cylinder (disk) is :

y x
 r 2  the thickness
Can be approached by : Very Small

 x
2
 dx

If we add the volumes, we get:

   x  dx
4 2

0
4
   x dx
0
4
 2
 x  8
2 0
 Example of rotating the region about y-axis
1
The region between the curve x  , 1 y  4
y

and the y-axis is revolved about the y-axis. Find the volume.

We use a horizontal disk.

y x The thickness is dy.
1
The radius is the x value of the function 
1 1 y
2
1  1  4 1
2  .707  
4
dy V   dy
 y 
2 dy
1 1 y
1  
3 3
 .577
volume of disk
1 0
4   ln y 1    ln 4  ln1
4
2

  ln 22  2 ln 2
 Volumes of Solids of Revolution
The solids we considered are examples of solids of revolution
because they are obtained by revolving a region about a line. In
general, we calculate the volume of a solid of revolution by using
the basic defining formula
b d
V   A( x)dx or V   A( y )dy
a c
and we find the cross-sectional area A(x) or A(y) in one of the
following ways:
• If the cross-section is a Disk,
we find the radius of the disk (in terms of x or y) and use :
A = π(radius)2
• If the cross-section is a Washer
we find the inner radius rin and outer radius rout and compute
the area of the washer by subtracting the area of the inner disk
from the area of the outer disk:
A = π(outer radius)2 - π(inner radius)2
 Example
The figure below illustrate the Washer problem model. So, it could
be solved by finding the inner radius rin and outer radius rout. After
that, compute the area of the washer by subtracting the area of the
inner disk from the area of the outer disk:
A = π(outer radius)2 - π(inner radius)2

y  2x

y  x2

The region bounded by y  x 2 and y  2 x

is revolved about the y-axis. Find the volume.
 The Answer
The region bounded by y  x 2 and y  2 x
is revolved about the y-axis. Find the volume.

y  2x If we use a horizontal slice:

The “disk” now has a hole in it,

yx 2
y  2x y  x2
making it a “washer”.
yx y
x
2
The volume of the washer is:   R 2
  r 2
  thickness
  y    R 2  r 2  dy
2

 
4 2
V     y     dy
0   2  

4  1 2 outer inner
V     y  y  dy radius radius
0
 4 
4
1 2  16  8
V    y  y dy    y 2  y 3 
4 1 1
     8  
0 4 2 12  0  3 3
 Practice Problem
The figure below illustrate the Washer which was the rotated-form
from the problem before. So with the same way, it could be solved
by determining the inner radius rin and outer radius rout. After that,
compute the area of the washer by subtracting the area of the
inner disk from the area of the outer disk:
A = π(outer radius)2 - π(inner radius)2
Note that the Washer was rotated :
y  x2
y  2x

r
The inner and outer radius have also been changed R
 The Answer
Note that the Washer was rotated :

The inner and outer radius have also been changed

The region is rotated about the line (X=0) : The region is rotated about the line (X=2) :
y  x2

y  2x The outer radius is: y  2x So, the outer radius is:

 𝑅=0+ 𝑦 y
√ R  2
2
y  x 2 The inner radius is:
And the inner radius is:
  𝑦
𝑟= 0+ r  2 y
2
r
R
 The Answer
The region is rotated about the line (X=2) : The volume can be calculated :
4

yx 2 V    R 2  r 2 dy
0
2
 y
 
Outer Radius : 4 2
y  2x
y     2    2  y dy
R  2 0
 2
2 4 y2 
Inner Radius : 0
 4 

    4  2 y    4  4 y  y dy 
r  2 y
4 y2
r    4  2y   4  4 y  y dy
R
0 4
1
4 1 2
   3 y  y  4 y 2 dy
0 4
4
 3 1 8  3
    y 2  y3  y  2

 2 12 3 0
That’s the Same Result  16 64  8
    24    
with the Problem Before  3 3 3
 Metode Kulit Tabung
• Potong-potonglah jalur-jalur yang vertikal dan kemudian putarlah
mengelilingi sumbu y. Maka akan terbentuklah sebuah benda
putar dan tiap jalur akan membentuk sebuah benda yang
menyerupai suatu kulit tabung.
• Untuk memperoleh volume kulit tabung ini, kita hitung volume  V
suatu kulit tabung, jumlahkan, dan kemudian tarik limit jumlah ini
apabila tebal kulit tabung makin menipis (menuju nol). Limit ini
akan menghasilkan sebuah integral.
V  2rhr b
V  2  xf  x  dx
a
Soal:
1
• Daerah yang dibatasi oleh kurva y  x , sumbu x, garis x=1, dan
garis x=4 diputar mengelilingi sumbu y. Tentukan volume benda

 
yang terbentuk!
y  r x
• Daerah yang dibatasi oleh garis h , sumbu x, dan garis x=h
diputar mengelilingi sumbu x. Diperoleh sebuah kerucut (diandaikan
r >0, h>0). Tentukan volume kerucut itu dengan menggunakan
metode cakram dan metode kulit tabung!