problems 14-53

9. The standard normal variable, z, corresponding to the normal variable x, is defined as

x x - x x
a. z = b. z = c. z =
sx sx sx
10. If the excitation of a linear system is a Gaussian process, the response will be
a. a different random process
b. a Gaussian process
c. an ergodic process
11. For a normal probability density function, Prob 3 - 3s … x1t2 … 3s4 is
a. 0.6827 b. 0.999937 c. 0.9973
12. The mean square response of a stationary random process can be determined from the:
a. autocorrelation function only
b. power spectral density only
c. autocorrelation function or power spectral density

14.5 Match the items in the two columns below:

1. All possible outcomes of a random variable a. Correlation functions in an

experiment
2. All possible outcomes of a random process b. Nonstationary process
3. Statistical connections between the values c. Sample space
of x(t) at times t1, t2, c
4. A random process invariant under a shift d. White noise
of the time scale
5. Mean and standard deviations of x(t) e. Stationary process
vary with t
6. Power spectral density is constant over f. Ensemble
a frequency range

problems

section 14.3 probability distributions

14.1 The strength of the foundation of a reciprocating machine (x) has been found to vary between
1 MPa and 1.5 MPa according to the probability density function:

x
ka1- b, 1 … x … 1.5
1.5
p1x2 = •
0, elsewhere

What is the probability of the foundation carrying a load greater than 1.4 MPa?

14.2 The life T in hours of a vibration transducer is found to follow exponential distribution

le-lt, t Ú 0
pT 1t2 = e
0, t 6 0

where l is a constant. Find (a) the probability distribution function of T, (b) mean value of T,
and (c) standard deviation of T.
14-54 Chapter 14 random Vibration

section 14.4 mean Value and standard deviation

14.3 The probability density function of a random variable x is given by

0 for x 6 0
p1x2 = c 0.5 for 0 … x … 2
0 for x 7 2

Determine E[x], E3x2 4, and sx .

14.4 Find the temporal mean value and the mean square value of the function x1t2 = x0 sin1pt>22.

section 14.5 Joint probability distribution of several random Variables

14.5 The joint density function of two random variables X and Y is given by

xy
, 0 … x … 2, 0 … y … 3
pX,Y1x, y2 = • 9
0, elsewhere

(a) Find the marginal density functions of X and Y. (b) Find the means and standard devia-
tions of X and Y. (c) Find the correlation coefficient rX,Y.

14.6 If x and y are statistically independent, then E3xy4 = E3x4E3y4. That is, the expected value
of the product xy is equal to the product of the separate mean values. If z = x + y, where x
and y are statistically independent, show that E3z2 4 = E3x2 4 + E3y 2 4 + 2E3x4E3y4.

section 14.6 Correlation Functions of a random process

14.7 Find the autocorrelation functions of the periodic functions shown in Fig. 14.24.

x(t) x(t)
x0
x0
O t O t
−x0 t 2t t
−x0

(a) (b)

Figure 14.24 Periodic function of Problem 14.7.

14.8 Compute the autocorrelation function of a periodic square wave with zero mean value and
compare this result with that of a sinusoidal wave of the same period. Assume the amplitudes
to be the same for both waves.
 problems 14-55

section 14.7 stationary random process

14.9 The autocorrelation function of a random process x(t) is given by

5
Rx1t2 = 20 +
1 + 3t2

Find the mean square value of x(t).

14.10 The spectral density of a random signal is given by

0.0001 m2/cycle/s, 10 Hz … f … 1000 Hz

S1 f 2 = e
0, elsewhere

Find the standard deviation and the root mean square value of the signal by assuming its
mean value to be 0.05 m.

section 14.8 gaussian random process

14.11 An air compressor of mass 100 kg is mounted on an undamped isolator and operates at an
angular speed of 1800 rpm. The stiffness of the isolator is found to be a random variable with
mean value k = 2.25 * 106 N/m and standard deviation sk = 0.225 * 106 N/m following
normal distribution. Find the probability of the natural frequency of the system exceeding the
forcing frequency.

section 14.9 Fourier analysis

14.12 Find the complex form of the Fourier series for the wave shown in Fig. 14.24(b).

14.13–14.16 Find the Fourier transform of the functions shown in Figs. 14.25–14.28 and plot the corre-
sponding spectrum.

x(t)

t
−a O a

Figure 14.25 Function considered in

Problem 14.13.
14-56 Chapter 14 random Vibration

x(t)

A
Ae−at

t
O

Figure 14.26 Function considered in

Problem 14.14.
x(t)

A Ae−at

t
O

Figure 14.27 Function considered in

Problem 14.15.
x(t)

d(t − a)

t
O a

Figure 14.28 Function considered

in Problem 14.16.

14.17 Derive Eq. (14.46) from Eq. (14.45).

section 14.10 power spectral density

14.18 The autocorrelation function of a random process is given by

t p
Rx1t2 = A cos vt; - … t …
2v 2v

where A and v are constants. Find the power spectral density of the random process.

14.19 A periodic function F(t) is shown in Fig. 14.29. Use the values of the function F(t) at ten equally
spaced time stations ti to find (a) the spectrum of F(t) and (b) the mean square value of F(t).
 problems 14-57

F (t), N

500

t10 = 1
0 t, s
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9

−500

Figure 14.29 Discretized periodic function of Problem 14.19.

14.20 The autocorrelation function of a stationary random process x(t) is given by

Rx1t2 = ae-bt
where a and b are constants. Find the power spectral density of x(t).

14.21 Find the autocorrelation function of a random process whose power spectral density is given
by S1v2 = S0 = constant between the frequencies v1 and v2.

14.22 The autocorrelation function of a Gaussian random process representing the unevenness of a
road surface is given by
Rx1t2 = s2x e-avt cos bvt
where s2x is the variance of the random process and v is the velocity of the vehicle. The values
of sx, a, and b for different types of road are as follows:

Type of Road Sx A B

Asphalt 1.1 0.2 0.4

Paved 1.6 0.3 0.6
Gravel 1.8 0.5 0.9

Compute the spectral density of the road surface for the different types of road.

14.23 Compute the autocorrelation function corresponding to the ideal white noise spectral density.
14-58 Chapter 14 random Vibration

14.24 Starting from Eqs. (14.60) and (14.61), derive the relations
∞
S1 f 2 cos 2pft # df
L0
R1t2 =

∞
R1t2 cos 2pft # dt
L0
S1 f 2 = 4

section 14.12 response of a single-degree-of-Freedom system

14.25 Write a computer program to find the mean square value of the response of a single-degree-
of-freedom system subjected to a random excitation whose power spectral density function
is given as Sx1v2.

14.26 A machine, modeled as a single-degree-of-freedom system, has the following parameters:

m = 900 kg, k = 7 MN/m, and c = 135 N@s/m. It is subjected to the force shown in Fig.
14.29. Find the mean square value of the response of the machine (mass).

14.27 A mass, connected to a damper as shown in Fig. 14.30, is subjected to a force F(t). Find the
frequency-response function H1v2 for the velocity of the mass.

y(t)
F(t)

Figure 14.30 Mass-damper

system subjected to force F (t).

14.28 A simplified model of a motorcycle traveling over a rough road is shown in Fig. 14.31. It is
assumed that the wheel is rigid, the wheel does not leave the road surface, and the cycle moves
at a constant speed v. The cycle has a mass m and the suspension system has a spring constant
k and a damping constant c. If the power spectral density of the rough road surface is taken as
S0, find the mean square value of the vertical displacement of the motor cycle (mass, m).
m

k/ 2 k/ 2
c

Figure 14.31 Simplified model of

motor cycle on rough road.
 problems 14-59

14.29 The motion of a lifting surface about the steady flight path due to atmospheric turbulence can
be represented by the equation

$ # 1
x1t2 + 2zvn x1t2 + v2n x1t2 = F 1t2
m

where vn is the natural frequency, m is the mass, and z is the damping coefficient of the
system. The forcing function F(t) denotes the random lift due to the air turbulence and its
spectral density is given by [14.17]

ST 1v2
SF 1v2 =
pvc
a1 + b
v

where c is the chord length, v is the forward velocity of the lifting surface, and ST 1v2 is the
spectral density of the upward velocity of air due to turbulence, given by

Lv 2
1 + a b
v
ST 1v2 = A2
Lv 2 2
e1 + a b f
v

where A is a constant and L is the scale of turbulence (constant). Find the mean square value
of the response x(t) of the lifting surface.

14.30 The wing of an airplane flying in gusty wind has been modeled as a spring-mass-damper
system, as shown in Fig. 14.32. The undamped and damped natural frequencies of the wing
are found to be v1 and v2, respectively. The mean square value of the displacement of
meq (i.e., the wing) is observed to be d under the action of the random wind force whose
power spectral density is given by S1v2 = S0. Derive expressions for the system parameters
meq, keq, and ceq in terms of v1, v2, d, and S0.

F (t)

meq

keq ceq

Fixation at
root of wing

Figure 14.32 Airplane flying in gusty wind and its simplified model.
14-60 Chapter 14 random Vibration

section 14.14 response of a multidegree-of-Freedom system

14.31 If the building frame shown in Fig. 14.23 has a structural damping coefficient of 0.01 (instead
of the modal damping ratio 0.02), determine the mean square values of the relative displace-
ments of the various floors.

14.32 The building frame shown in Fig. 14.23 is subjected to a ground acceleration whose power
spectral density is given by

1
S1v2 =
4 + v2

Find the mean square values of the relative displacements of the various floors of the building
frame. Assume a modal damping ratio of 0.02 in each mode.

section 14.15 matlab problems

14.33 Using MATLAB, plot the Gaussian probability density function

1 -0.5x2
f 1x2 = e
12p

over - 7 … x … 7.

14.34 Plot the Fourier transform of a triangular pulse:

4A va va
X1v2 = 2
sin2 , -7 … … 7
av 2 p

(See Fig. 14.12.)

14.35 The mean square value of the response of a machine, E[y 2], subject to the force shown in
Fig. 14.29, is given by (see Problem 14.26):

E3y 2 4 = a
N-1  cn  2
2
n=0
ak - mv2n b + c2v2n

where

a
1 N 2pnj 2pnj
cn = Fj e cos - i sin f
Nj = 1 N N

with Fj = 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, - 400, - 300, - 200, - 100, 0 for j = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10; k = 4 * 104, c = 1200, m = 5.1760, and vn = 2pn. Using MATLAB, find the
value of E3y 2 4 with N = 10.
 design proJeCt 14-61

design proJeCt

14.36 The water tank shown in Fig. 14.33 is supported by a hollow circular steel column. The tank,
made of steel, is in the form of a thin-walled pressure vessel and has a capacity of 40,000
litres. Design the column to satisfy the following specifications: (a) The undamped natural
frequency of vibration of the tank, either empty or full, must exceed a value of 1 Hz. (b) The
mean square value of the displacement of the tank, either empty or full, must not exceed a
value of 0.01 m2 when subjected to an earthquake ground acceleration whose power spectral
density is given by

m2/s4
S1v2 = 0.0002
rad/s

Assume damping to be 10 percent of the critical value.

Cylindrical tank

Column 12 m

Figure 14.33 Water tank subjected to

ground acceleration.