Lecture

1.6.Ensemble.ae

.
Often we deal with an
ensemble of N identical systems .

This is required as in quantum mechanics measurements are

probabilistic .
Moreover
,
often this is required as
the
signal

from a
single system is
very
weak .

spatialeasemble.pro be N nominally identical

systems at the same time

O O

temporalensemble

start start start start start start

Same experiment repeated N times on a single system .

The results are added up .

T.6.n.thedeusitymatrixo.lk
we describe an ensemble of N qubits with a column vector

it would have 2N entries Y : =

(Coo ,
Con ,
Ceo,fry .
-
-
(
No , CND
For
interacting ensemble , there is economic
•
more
a non a
way :
-

the so-called
density matrix 5=4%7 ) where the

elements are calculated by ccicj >

=
CY Ii > Cj 147

The diagonal elements present the

probability to
.

obtain TY; > in a measurement and add up to 1 .

.
The off -

diagonal elements contain information

about the coherence of the system

state
" "
-
A with Tris) =
Tried -7 is called pure state while a

called mixed state

" "
state with Tristan is

value I calculated
The
expectation of operator be
-

an can

as : CJ > = Tr to s)
•

Examplesi
" "
• N TLS in a
pure state Y
-
-

Tre (lol tix)

⇒ =

⇒ Tr 154=7 •

⇒ 7=7
,
CGI> = o
,
at > so

state 50%107 and

"

N TLS
"
•
in a mixed : 50% ID

⇒s
it
.

⇒ Tr 1574

⇒ cot > -

-
o
, cap -0,817--0
•
For an ensemble of entangled two -

qubits systems :

f of Cio Coo 4¥

st:÷÷÷÷ :ii¥÷÷÷¥
( Coo Coo (
Coo

:*
co :c, GE em

Examples :

•
N
systems in
entangled state 19T> i

see:÷÷ :*
•
N systems in a mixed state : 50%1007 and 50%677 :

s .

N systems where 50% are 1977 and 50% Lyte :

s .
T.6.2.tn/TzaadTz*Ty-Popvlationlifetime-
•
It a TLS is prepared in an excited state, it will relax to the

thermodynamic equilibrium due to interaction with the

environment .

For KBT cc SE this equilibrium is the ground state

called Tn
'

•
The associated timescale is time .

-
For an ensemble average
7

a
this corresponds to d 9

exponential decay
7
z

Bloch

(
-

On the sphene this

eaxaeion

9: :÷÷::
"

BB
tzovantvmdephasingtimec .
It a TLS is in a
superposition
state it around I
precesses .

•
At some
point it will

interact with the environment

which randomizes the phase .

When
averaging over an
-

ensemble this
corresponds
to a
damped precession

•
On the Bloch sphere this
\

corresponds to the state

vector £
" "

shrinking towards
the E axis .
TE-E-nsembledephasigt.me

⑨⇒
often for ensemble
Very AE
.
an

is slightly different for

different TLS /points in time .

•
Therefore, the
precession frequency

co
-

-
SEA varies
slightly
When ensemble
averaging over
•

an

this results in a
dumping

Typically TE a
Tz
HowtomeasvnetnitzaudTE.ZTihitetimemeasvreme.at
.

Prepare system in state 117 and probe LIKED

TE:"Larmorprecession"/"Ramsayfring
•
Idea :
Prepare system in 14×+7 and measure < Excel >
-
Problem : often we have access only to Lotz > .

Solution : Rotations Block

on the
sphere :
.

•f
1. start in state 102 and rotate 147

around
they -

axis by Hz ⇒ 147=14*7
✓

2. Let system process

for time ti

⇒ Hce, > = Ice714017

E. ⇒ Ideal : Its >

=
cos cwt )

⇒ Real life :
sixth coscwt)
tt
-

exp
- -
 3. Perform another Fe rotation around yn

T It Heth =
14×+7 → WICH > = 117
.

•
.

If huts > =
14×-7 → IYAD =
107
•

↳ 4 .
Measure LIKED
CEzig> =
that )
→ cos cwt) C
exp
- -

" "
⇒ Ramsay fringes
IIe It
•
This sheme is often illustrated as TWh
←
St

Exampledataoltlamseyfringesi
.
oscillations with
frequency
SEA timesales
W Here fs
-

- :
.

The
envelope decays with TE
.

Here :
ps timescales
Tzispinvltabnyechoanddyaamicdecoupliny.lt
difficult is
typicallyto measure T2 since TE Latz

. Let's assume the fluctuations in w are slower than one

measurement cycle .
Then
,
over each cycle wi -

coots: is constant

and the acquired phase is wise .

.
Erwin Hahn discovered that the phase error fist can be

removed by a it rotation of 147 around I at SEK

Visualization

car

IT

Shuffle
Nk Tr
-

This scheme is often illustrated as

#
stfz Dtrz
 Animated visualizations found
be
Wikipedia
•

can on .

"
Note that they rotating frame
"

are in the i.e the

,
.

observer rotates around the Bloch sphere with Wo .

In this

rotating frame a
precession with Wo appears static .

•
Another common visualization :

r
l
d
i I Go
-

E
I
S
R i

Fe
St
sty
Dynamicdecovplinge
What fluctuations
about that are faster than Tz ?

→ Can not be corrected for with spin Utah echo

→ Need a more
sophisticated technique

replace single it pulse at Stk by pulses separated by Serena,

IT IT IT IT

soiree
→
struth

Typical measurement
•

r
Tz - -
- - - -
- - - - - - - -
- .
-

⇐
To

-
Number of it pulses n
svmmarylecture3.TK
state of an ensemble can be described by a
density matrix
.

The difference between a coherent state and a mixed state

can be seen in the off diagonal elements

-

Qubits have 3 important timescales :

Tr :
Population lifetime
•

Tz : Quantum dephasing time

TE Ensemble de
phasing time
• :

measured
They be via :
•

can

Tn :
Measure zctl >

-
TE Ramsey fringes
•

Tj .

Spin (Hahn) echo and

dynamic decoupling