1

Lectures we consider abstract sets with

vector Spaces
this structure
They will be natural
-
.

In
may
cases
,
1. hear systems have candidates to solution sets for
solutions And 1.her systems
a
many
we
may
.
.
-

expect some structure on this set

Definition A
recta V is
.

It turns out that the correct

a set of objects called recd
structure thatof neck ,
is a -

fr
one K
together with two
homogeneous systems
,
space,
-

vector addition
.

operating t i.
;
we
fast introduce vector .
: scale multiplication .

spaces formally then relate them These operating one

subject to the
conditions
to liner systems .

following :

The structure : consider Ax=O 1) for I ?# EV have

ay
-

.
we

let solutions
y
al t be
Ftp =p→tI .

to Aa =D The is
.

y it -

2) for
also solution : any 2,7 EV we hair
Aly + E) =AytAt=o
, ,

a .

multiple 3+5=2+45+57
'
Also
any at y
is ( Itp .

a solution : Ale y ) -

=
clay 1=0 .
 ÷ ÷ ÷ ¥÷ ¥÷f÷ :÷ ÷
nectar EV
3) There is a 77 c -

( Itp ) = c. Etc
.pt
that other IFV
such
for any ( qtq ) I -

= GET GI
we trace
I + v→=x→ .
for all c
, G. GEIR , IYIPEV .

we call it thereon and

rename it as 8?
Renate In this defiant ,
the set K

::÷÷÷÷:
5) 1 .
= I fo ay
TeV t.htg.es .

Knauff .
Excerpt 1) the spaces 112,11271127 .
. -

vector In
6) If GEIR then
are spaces .

general
9. N
,
'R is vector
a
space
@ qy.TT
.

G -
( cz.TT ) =

IRN -

Ica , an ) I aifR }
DEV
.

all
-
.
.

far
.

. ,
.
 ÷ i÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷nµ÷: ¥:n
Given

Ji (
6. Ali ; = c-
Aij
MN )
,
=
Kyne ,
- - -

← IRN
F) = Cy ,% ,
,
. .
.

, yn ) fo M CER
,
A. BE Mnxn .

e. ER de fue se ( Mmm t .
) is a nectar
, , ,

' space ,
Tty :-( a.
tyre -
- -

inn +
Tn ) '
A =L
o =
( )
o
, ; ,
-
-

Aijlij .

: is :*:*
"

2) Put Mmm : set of all man -

notices ( fig ) (a) =
flaltgcal .

with real entries

f
.

-• c. as

A- C- Mmm write A- (Aj ) ; (Cf) (a) = c. flat fo EAR

,
; .

Then ATB is delete as the ft, t, ) vector

:
space
-

( Atb )ij= Aiit Bij

 I
LE of v tf w is closed
4) P : set of polynomial facts
IR → IR order vector addition
peal : .

P is a vector with the ( that is

, of Iip EW
,
then
space
usual operates .
Itp Ew )
and scalar multiplicative
Subspace
wherever we construct a
algebraic ( that is
,
if Few
structure or a set we would like and CER, then
,

to consider its substructures

with
,

sinclar
C - E EW )
asset
.

Hat is
,
a a

structure .

Remain If W is a subspace of V
,
ther
w is a vector
space
in
itself together
Definition V nectar
,
: :
space, let
with the addition and scale mutt .

→ ¢ f- WE
V i subset .

coming from V .
Here , if I EW
,
Is
-

Feit
is in W a2 also TIC -
'
I ) Ew .

call Geoff
,
,
we w a
 nf
polynomials ) flank la -13% as}
"

Examples : h P is a
ii w
,
-
-

, q ) EIR ,
-
-
.

I
subspace f F :
pcxltaca) , e -

plat .

let UTI
'
EM . Then we need to cheek :

2) Umxn : set of upper triangular matrices .

• E) ty EW
,

't : :* :L's :¥n÷÷

cinema
n in
..

:÷÷÷÷÷:i¥ii÷i : ¥:
} Canny .ua/EIRn/
11
i) . . 930 ) ER?

w
, a. that y , -132
- -

Fg
11
not DEW with 535GW ,
a
subspace : let
(I
a
,
since .

470 ( dik d) '

EW ,
- -

,
So I
-

Then
- I =L -
a, az,
-
ai #W
at
-
.. .

, .
c. = ( a. a , ,
c. see
c.az ,
. . . c. an ) at
So closed
, .

since W is
-2 , so .

under addle else -134 )

taking auras .
we hee ca , -12cm =

-
,
-
c.az .

Kz
- E EW
→
.
 )
Rn beginning of this sector .

Hua w
,
is a subspace af .

year}
We call this the null
space of A
9cm unlearn :L
.

§w
Exercise : we ,

Example : the solution set of Aa=b

, = I lay -
an) C- Rn I 792=07 ,

bio, do
. -

with not form subspace

,

a
,

check whether these 8D not solution, hence not

are
subspaces or since a

not .
an element of the solution set
'
.

{ 81,112
"

Ea Subspaces in R : :
subspaces .

Trivial:3
I:p: ) of
'
!
"
v ←
Sree all the other

#
.

Tehan II :
"
"

AEI
a

Enampki at linesmen .

origin
of
.

claim: The Sultan set is a subspace

n
Max , .
Indeed : '
et

=L ?;) .
5
'
=L be sown
.

¥:
..

gas
th .

seen at the
not a subspace
 :#
Linear
dependence and independence
V vector let
:
space .

I }
'
5=15 I , ,
.
.
.

,
EV

be a subset
of V .

A lineorcombinatra of the e lent us

is a week ( in V ) of the form

C
, I t
t . . -
t Cn I

÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷i÷ e
,
t . . -
t GI

equal to 8 the trivial

being is one
,

that is
, for 9=9 = . - -
=
9=0 .

Otherwise ,
we call S
linearly dependent -
.