All India Test and Discussion Series : Test-16 / [Paper] CRACK NEET 2021 / TD / 05-March-2021

[All India Test & Discussion Series]

Test ID : 318 Paper ID : TD - 16

TEST DATE : 5-March-2021

SOLUTION

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 All India Test and Discussion Series : Test-16 / [Paper] CRACK NEET 2021 / TD / 05-March-2021

PHYSICS

1. (2) 13. (3)

In transverse wave motion of the particle is A phenomenon that occurs when the frequency of
Perpendicular to the wave direction of propagation forced vibrations on an object matches the objects
natural frequency is called resonase
2. (3)
14. (1)
A sound wave is an example of a Longitudinal wave.
A guitar is turned to adjust its pitch. What is it that
3. (2)
a changed The wavelength of the fundamental
The amplitude of wave is a measure of its Intensity
15. (1)
4. (2)
Frequency of sound produced from an organ pipe
Wave speed is the period of a wave is independent open at both ends are Even and odd harmonics
of time 16. (1)
5. (2) A closed organ pipe (closed at one end) is excited
to support the third overtone. It is found that air in
T
We know that, v = the pipe has Four nodes and four antinodes
P
17. (3)
m 2.5
P 0.125kg / m 3v 2v 3 1 lc 3
l 20
4 lc 2lo Ÿ 4lc lO Ÿ lo 4
Hence wave speed
18. (3)
200 Frequency (X) = 800 Hz
v 1600 m / s 40 m / s
0.125
As the pipe is closed at one end, so
T = 20/40 = 0.5 Second
O
6. (4) l3  l2 l2  l1 21.5 cm
2
Sound waves vibrates our eardrums so we can hear
? O 43.0 cm
7. (3)
Mechanical waves and electromagnetic wave both v
As X Ÿv XO
are transfers energy O

8. (3) 800 u 43
? v 344 ms 1
Longitudinal and machenical wave is a sound wave 100
9. (4) 19. (2)
As frequency of a wave increases both wavelenght The velocity of sound in air at 27°C is v = 2(X)
and energy decreases [L2 – L1]; where ? = frequency of tuning fork and
10. (4) L1, L2 are the successive column length.

v = nO ? v = 2 × 320 [73 – 20] × 10–2

= 339.2 ms–1 | 339 ms–1
340
n  34 Hz
10
20. (1)
Nearest harmonics of an organ pipe closed at one
11. (2)
end is differ by twice of its fundamental frequency.
The super position of two waves creates interference
 
Ÿ 220 11n
12. (1)
A standing wave, transport energy but does not move n = 20 Hz

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 All India Test and Discussion Series : Test-16 / [Paper] CRACK NEET 2021 / TD / 05-March-2021
21. (1) 26. (1)
First harmonic is obtained at The relation between phase difference ('I) and path
O 2S
l 50 cm
4 difference ('x) is 'M 'x
O
Third harmonic is obtained for resonance,
3O 27. (4)
l' 3 u 50 150 cm
4 For resonance, nclosed pipe = 166
22. (2) v
166
For a string fixed at both ends, the resonant 4l
frequencies are
332
l 0.5 m
nv 4 u 166
Xn where n 1,2,3,................
2L
28. (3)
The difference between two consecutive resonant
Beat frequency = 260 – 256 = 4 Hz
frequencies is :
(n  1)v nv v
'Xn Xn 1  Xn  1
2L 2L 2L 'T
Which is also the lowest resonant frequency ( n=1) 4
Thus the lowest resonant frequency for the given 1 T
string t=
16 4
= 420 Hz – 315 Hz = 105 Hz
T
23. (2) Time differency = u Phase difference
2S
A wave is a disturbance which propagates energy
and momentum from one place to the other without T T S
uIŸ I
the transport of matter. In propagation of longitudinal 4 2S 2
waves through a medium leads to transmission of 29. (4)
enrgy through the medium without matter being Error in watch = Time taken by sound to reach the
transmitted. There is no movment of matter (mass)
2000 200
and hence momentum man = 6.06 s
330 33
24. (1)
30. (4)
For closed organ pipe, fundamental frequency is
Imax D(a1  a2 )2 Ÿ (2a)2
v
given by Xc So, v 4a2
4l
2nd overtone of open organ pipe 31. (1)
3v A2 A12  A 22  2A1A 2 cos I
X' = 3X0 ; X '
2l'
According to question, Xc = X' I 0
A = A1 + A2 = 3A
v 3v
4l 2l' 32. (2)
l' = 6l 2S
Time period, T ; from
Here, l = 20 cm l' = ? Z
? l' = 6 × 20 = 120 cm
2S
25. (4) given eqn. w = 3.0 s–1 or T = = 2.09 s
3
Fundamental frequency in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5
33. (2)
1 1 100 Z = 100, k = 20
1x  x  x 100 Ÿ x
3 5 23
100
Wave speed = 5m / s
100 100 100 1500 500 300 20
So, : : Ÿ : :
23 23 u 3 5 u 23 23 23 23
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 All India Test and Discussion Series : Test-16 / [Paper] CRACK NEET 2021 / TD / 05-March-2021
34. (1) 39. (3)

4 Fundamental note
I | 8 u 10 6
4 S(200) 2
v
Closed pipe = 4
35. (2) 4l

JRT v ªvº
We know that v Ÿvv T Open pipe = 2 « » = 2f
M 2l ¬ 4l ¼
40. (3)
vT 3
But given, v 1 Watt
O
Unit of intensity =
m2
3 TT T Loudness unit 1. Bel
Ÿ Ÿ T 9
1 TO 273 2. Decibel
3. Phone
? TT 273 u 9 2457 K
41. (4)
= 2457 – 273 = 2184°C
36. (3) a
The equation of spherical wave is y = sin(Zt  kx)
r
JP 42. (1)
vv , For air J and P are constant
U
The quality of sound depends upon the number of
1 harmonics presentl. Due to different number of
vv , where U is the density of air harmonics
U
43. (2)
v U2 Fifth over tone
Ÿ 2
v1 U1
Ÿ 6th harmonic
U1 density of dry air Ÿ 6 Loop

U2 density of moist air Ÿ 6 Antinode and 7 node

44. (3)
v2
As U1 < U2 = v ! 1 Ÿ v 2 ! v1 Refer any text book
1

Hence, speed of sound wave in air increases with S

'I
increase in humidity 2

37. (3) 45. (1)

Audible to human being 20 Hz d n d 20,000 Hz I1 § A·

2
1
38. (3) I2 ¨© 2A ¸¹ 4
Let n1 > n2
Imax ( I1  I2 )2
Beat frequency fBeat = n1 – n2
Imin ( I1  I2 )2
1 1
? Time period of beats TBeat = f n1  n2 Now put the values
Beat

Imax - Imin 4
We get I + I 5
max min

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 All India Test and Discussion Series : Test-16 / [Paper] CRACK NEET 2021 / TD / 05-March-2021

CHEMISTRY

60. (1) [NCERT 399]

46. (2) [NCERT 381]
For Morkonikoff's addition or anti morkonikoff's With the increase is vander waals (V.Watltraction
addition to observe substrate as well as the reagent v no. of electrons) attraction physical state
must be unsymmetric. changes from gas to liquid to solid.
47. (1) [NCERT 387] 61. (1) [NCERT 383]
Li or Na/Liq. NH3 coverts alk-2-ynes to trans alk-2- With the increase in stability of intermediate
enes whereas Lindlars catalyst converts alk-2-ynes carbonium reactivity increases.
to cis alk-2-enes.
62. (3) [NCERT 373]
48. (1)
Second group carbides produce C2H2OH hydrolysis
RMgX + (O, N, S) –H o R–H but berylium carbide produce CH 4. Aluminium
CH3MgBr + C2H5NH2 o CH4 n carbide also produce CH4 (diagonal relation) Mg2C3
produce propyne on hydrolysis.
49. (4) [NCERT 382]
Formation of 'A' follows Morkonikoves addition C2H5Li + HOH o C2H6 + LiOH
whereas formatino of 'B' follows anti mark addition. 63. (4) [NCERT 378]
50. (3) [NCERT 363]
Main constituent of LPG are isobutane, propane.
51. (2) [NCERT 367]

64. (3) [NCERT 387]

52. (1) [NCERT 371]

65. (4) [NCERT 386]

53. (3) [NCERT 383]

Both 1st and 2nd structures give all the gthree
structures on ozonolysis in the presence of H2O. 66. (3) [NCERT 387]
54. (1) [NCERT 383]
55. (4) [NCERT 382]
With branching reactivity decreases and heat of
hydrogenation also decreases.
56. (2) [NCERT 371]
Rx + 2Na + XR o R – R it is wurtz reaction and we get 67. (1) [NCERT 377]
alkanes with double the no. of 'C' atoms.
57. (2) [NCERT 380]
With Al2O3 alcohols produce ether at a lower
temperature, where as on raising the temp. we get
alkenes. 68. (1) [NCERT 378]
58. (3) [NCERT 373] due to formation of strong base pH increases.
By wurtz and kolbei electrolysis we won't get CH4 69. (3) [NCERT 370]
and alkenes on reduction give ethane of higher
alkanes. Where as CH4 can be obtained by Duma's ª 1 º
method. «B.P v Surface area v »
¬ No. of side chain) ¼
59. (3) [NCERT 380]
Bromine water test is to check the presence of 70. (1) [NCERT 381]
unsaturation, Ammonical AgNO3 is used to test 1-
Trans – alkene + Br2 o Meso form
Alkynes.
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 All India Test and Discussion Series : Test-16 / [Paper] CRACK NEET 2021 / TD / 05-March-2021
71. (4) [NCERT 387] 81. (4) [NCERT 367]

Phenyl magnesium bromide reacts with methanol

to give a mixture of benzene and Mg(OMe)Br
72. (3) [NCERT 380]
82. (4) [NCERT 378]

CH3  CH CH  CH 3  ( i ) O3
( ii ) Zn  dust
o 2CH3 .CHO
conc. H SO But  2  ene H .OH
3 3 3 3 3

83. (4) [NCERT 366]

LiAlH4 converts 3 alkyl halides to alkenes.
0

84. (4) [NCERT 377]

73. (1) [NCERT 386, 387]

74. (3) [NCERT 381]

85. (2) [NCERT 383]
Isobutene + HBr o
HO
2 2
Isobutyl bromide
CH3 CH2 CHCH2 ¶¶¶¶ ¶
HotalkKMNO4
(o)
lCH3 CH2 COOHCO2 H2O
75. (2) [NCERT 390]
In nitration of benzene conc. HNO3 act as base.
86. (2) [NCERT 386]
76. (3) [NCERT 371]

HCOONa 
o H2+Na2CO3
NaOH

77. (2) [NCERT 383]

87. (2) [NCERT 386]
CH2=CH2 + S2Cl2 + CH2 = CH2 o +S

78. (4) [NCERT 380]

' 88. (2) [NCERT 377]
(C 2H5 )4 NOH o(C2H5 )3 N  CH2 CH2  H2O
It is formation of 20 or 30 alcohol based on the loca-
79. (2) [NCERT 382] tion of the C=C bond.

CH2 CH2 
HBr
o CH2  CH2Br o
H.OH
CH3  CH2OH
(X) (Y) 89. (2) [NCERT 370]

80. (2) [NCERT 387]

90. (1)
Thermal decomposition is called cracking.

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 All India Test and Discussion Series : Test-16 / [Paper] CRACK NEET 2021 / TD / 05-March-2021

BIOLOGY

91. (2) [NC-I, 228] 99. (3) [NC–I, 230]

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and is 100. (3) [NC-I, 230]
present in all living organisms. In this process, glucose
undergoes partial oxidation to form two molecules of
pyruvic acid
92. (4) [NC-I, 229]
Glucose and fructose are phosphorylated to give rise to
glucose-6-phosphate by the activity of the enzyme
hexokinase
93. (1) [NCERT-I-230]
Yeasts poison themselves to death when the con-
centration of alcohol reaches about 13 per cent
94. (4) [NCERT-I-229] 101. (2) [NC-I, 230]

102. (2) [NC-I, 231]

103. (3) [NC-I, 231]

The acetyl CoA then enters a cyclic pathway,

tricarboxylic acid cycle, more commonly called as
Krebs’ cycle after the scientist Hans Krebs who first
elucidated it
104. (4) [NCERT-I-232]
In Kreb's cycle succinic acid malic acid and
95. (1) [NCERT-I-228] orxaloactic acid are 4C compound.
The term glycolysis has originated from the Greek
105. (4) [NC- I, 232]
words, glycos for sugar, and lysis for splitting. The
scheme of glycolysis was given by Gustav Embden,
Otto Meyerhof, and J. Parnas, and is often referred
to as the EMP pathway. In anaerobic 106. (4) [NCERT-I-232]
organisms, it is the only process in respiration When succinic acid is converted into malic acid
96. (3) [NCERT-I-229] FAD+ is converted to FADH2.

1NADH2 o 3ATP, 2NADH2 o 2 × 3 ATP = 6. 107. (4) [NC-I, 229, 232]

97. (1) [NC–I, 229] Succinyl CoA o Succinic acid

End products of glycolysis = 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP 1, 3 bisPGA o 3 PGA

+ 2NADH2 PEP o Pyruvate
98. (2) [NC–I, 235,236] 108. (4) [NC-I, 232]
Glycolysis – EMP pathway
Complex-V – ATP synthase
Storage form of glucose – Glycogen
Common respiratory – Glucose
substrate of glycolysis

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 All India Test and Discussion Series : Test-16 / [Paper] CRACK NEET 2021 / TD / 05-March-2021
109. (4) [NC-I, 229, 230,232] 117. (1) [NC-I, 230, 233, 234]

110. (3) [NC-I, 230,232] RQ – Respirometer

In oxidative phosphorylation ATP formation occurs

Mitchel – Chemiosmotic ATP
alcoholic fermentation
synthesis
oxidative decarboxylation and Krebs' cycle
Cytochromes – Inner mitochondrial
Conversion of D-ketoglutaric acid to succinic acid membrane
111. (2) [NC-I, 229,232] Lactic acid – Muscle fatigue
Yeast – Alcoholic fermentation
Glycolysis – Cytoplasm
118. (3) [NC­I 227]
TCA cycle – Mitochondrial matrix
Fungi that are dependent on dead and decaying
ETS – Inner mitochondrial membrane matter are called saprophytes
112. (2) [NC-I, 234] 119. (2) [NC­I 227]
Mechanism of breakdown of food materials within
the cell to release energy and trapping of this energy
for ATP synthesis is called cellular respiration
120. (1) [NC­I 229]
Glycolysis is a Linear process
121. (1) [NC­I 229]
Glucose and fructose are phosphorylated to give rise
to glucose­6­phosphate by the activity of the
enzyme hexokinase.
122. (2) [NC­I 229]
113. (1) [NC-I, 229, 232] 123. (1) [NC­I 229]
TCA cycle – Hans Krebs 124. (4) [NC­I 230]
F0 – F1 particles – Inner mitochondrial The enzymes, pyruvic acid decarboxylase and
membrane alcohol dehydrogenase catalyse these reactions
End product of 125. (2) [NC­I 231]
glycolysis – Pyruvic acid
Pyruvate – Oxidative
dehydrogenase decarboxylation
114. (3) [NC-I, 234]
126. (1) [NC­I 231]
Net gain of 38 ATP molecules during aerobic
The TCA cycle starts with the condensation of acetyl
respiration of one molecule of glucose group with oxaloacetic acid (OAA) and water to yield
115. (4) [NC-I, 235, 236] citric acid (Figure 14.3). The reaction is catalysed by
the enzyme citrate synthase and a molecule of CoA
Fats would need to be broken down into glycerol and
is released
fatty acids first. If fatty acids were to be respired they
127. (2) [NC­I 232]
would first be degraded to acetyl CoA and enter the
128. (3) [NC­I 232]
pathway. Glycerol would enter the pathway after being
129. (4) [NC­I 232]
converted to PGAL
130. (1) [NC­I 233]
116. (1) [NC-I, 235]
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 All India Test and Discussion Series : Test-16 / [Paper] CRACK NEET 2021 / TD / 05-March-2021
131. (3) [NC-I, 232] 142. (3) [NC-I, 232]

Succinate o Fumarate o Malate o OAA The metabolic pathway through which the electron
132. (2) [NC­I 233] passes from one carrier to another, is called the electron
The process of phosphorylation during ETS is transport system (ETS) (Figure 14.4) and it is present
known as oxidative phosphorylation in the inner mitochondrial membrane
133. (1) [NC­I 234]
143. (4) [NC-I, 230]
F0 is an integral membrane protein complex that
forms the channel through which protons cross the
inner membrane
134. (2) [NCERT-230]
135. (1) [NCERT-I-235]
Fats would be need to be broken down into glycerol
and fatty acids first. If fatty acids were to be respired
they would first be degreaded to acetyl CoA and
enter the pathway.
136. (4) [NCERT­I­ 235]
144. (2) [NC-I, 235, 238]
137. (3) [NC­I 235]
The respiratory pathway is an amphibolic pathway as it
Breaking down processes within the living organ­ involves both anabolism and catabolism.
ism is catabolism, and synthesis is anabolism
145. (4) [NC-I, 230]
138. (1) [NC­I 236]
The end product of alcohol fermentation are CO2 and
C2H5OH

139. (1) [NC­I 236] 146. (4) [NC-I, 233]

The respiratory quotient depends upon the type of The correct sequence of electron acceptor in ATP

respiratory substrate used during respiration synthesis is Cyt. b, c, a, a3

140. (4) [NCERT-231] 147. (3) [NC-I, 233]

During this process, two molecules of NADH are Oxidative phosphorylation is production of ATP in
produced from the metabolism of two molecules of
pyruvic acid (produced from one glucose molecule respiration
during glycolysis). The acetyl CoA then enters a
cyclic pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle, more 148. (3) [NC-I, 231]
commonly called as Krebs’ cycle after the scientist End products of aerobic respiration are Carbon dioxide,
Hans Krebs who first elucidated it.141. Respiratory
Quotient (RQ) value of tripalmitin is : water and energy

141. (3) [NCERT-237]- 149. (4) [NC-I 237]

Respiratory Quotient (RQ) is the ratio of the volume of Each glucose molecule is broken through a series
carbon dioxide produced to the volume of oxygen of enzyme catalysed reactions into two molecules
consumed iin respiration over a period of time. of pyruvic acid

Volume of CO2 evolved 150. (4) [NC-I 237]

RQ
Volume of O2 absorbed
The fate of the pyruvate depends on the availability of
RQ for fats is about 0.7 oxygen and the organism. Under anaerobic conditions
Tripalmitin = C51H98O6 either lactic acid fermentation or alcohol fermentation
2(C51H98 O6 )  145O2 
o102CO2  98H2O occurs. Fermentation takes place under anaerobic
RQ = 102 CO2/145 O2 = 0.7 conditions in many prokaryotes,
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 All India Test and Discussion Series : Test-16 / [Paper] CRACK NEET 2021 / TD / 05-March-2021
151. (4) [NC-I 237] 159. (4) [NCERT-I-231]
The TCA cycle starts with the condensation of acetyl
The respiratory pathway is an amphibolic
group with oxaloacetic acid (OAA) and water to yield
pathway citric acid. The reaction is catalysed by the enzyme
citrate synthase and a molecule of CoA is released.
152. (4) [NC-I 234]
Citrate is then isomerised to isocitrate. It is followed
• The NADH synthesised in glycolysis is transferred by two successive steps of decarboxylation.
into the mitochondria and undergoes oxidative
160. (2) [NCERT-I-231]
phosphorylation.
• None of the intermediates in the pathway are utilised
to synthesise any other compound.
• Only glucose is being respired – no other alternative
substrates are entering in the pathway at any of the During this process, two molecules of NADH are
intermediary stages. produced from the metabolism of two molecules of
pyruvic acid (produced from one glucose molecule
153. (1) [NCERT-I-229]
during glycolysis).
Sucrose is converted into glucose and fructose by
the enzym e, invertase, and these two 161. (3) [NCERT-I-235]
monosaccharides readily enter the glycolytic Kreb's cycle Oxidative decarboxylation.
pathway. Glucose and fructose are phosphorylated
to give rise to glucose-6- phosphate by the activity Fats would need to be broken down into glycerol
of the enzyme hexokinase. and fatty acids first. If fatty acids were to be re-
spired they would first be degraded to acetyl CoA
154. (1) [NCERT-I-231,233] and enter the pathway. Glycerol would enter the
pathway after being converted to PGAL. The pro-
Molecular oxygen – Hydrogen acceptor
teins would be degraded by proteases and the indi-
Electron acceptor – Cytochrome C vidual amino acids (after deamination) depending
Pyruvate – Acetyl Co A on their structure would enter the pathway at some
stage within the Krebs’ cycle or even as pyruvate
dehydrogenase
or acetyl CoA.
Decarboxylation – D-ketoglutaric acid 162. (2) [NCERT-I-232-234]
155. (2) [NCERT-I-232] There is a sequential, orderly pathway functioning,
Also there are three points in the cycle where NAD+ with one substrate forming the next and with
is reduced to NADH + H+ and one point where FAD+ glycolysis, TCA cycle and ETS pathway following
is reduced to FADH2. one after another.
The NADH synthesised in glycolysis is transferred
156. (3) [NC-I. 227]
into the mitochondria and undergoes oxidative
Animals are heterotrophic, i.e., they obtain food from phosphorylation.
163. (2) [NCERT-I-33]
plants directly (herbivores) or indirectly Photosynthesis,
Cytochrome c is a small protein attached to the
of course, takes place within the chloroplasts (in the outer surface of the inner membrane and acts as a
eukaryotes) mobile carrier for transfer of electrons between
complex III and IV.
157. (4) [NC-I, 227] 164. (3) [NCERT-I-229]
Usually carbohydrates are oxidised to release energy, 1NADH2 o 3ATP, 2NADH2 o 2 × 3 ATP = 6.
but proteins, fats and even organic acids can be used 165. (2) [NCERT-I-232]
FAD acts are an e acceptor in between succinic
–
as respiratory substances in some plants, under certain
and fumaric acid in Kreb’s cycle or TCA cycle. FAD
conditions. ATP acts as the energy currency of the cell is reduced to FADH2 in this reaction.
158. (1) [NCERT-I-232] 166. (3) [NCERT-I-231, 237]
Krebs' cycle does not consume any ATP molecules. Out of the statements given in the option, all
It generates 2ATP/2GTP molecules through sub- statements are correct except that the intermediate
compound which links glycolysis with Krebs’ cycle
strate level phosphorylation .
is acetyl Co-A, not malic acid.

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 All India Test and Discussion Series : Test-16 / [Paper] CRACK NEET 2021 / TD / 05-March-2021
167. (4) [NCERT-I-233] 176. (4) [NCERT-I-228]
Complex IV refers to cytochrome c oxidase In anaerobic organisms, it is the only process in
complex containing cytochromes a and a3, and two respiration. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of
copper centres. the cell and is present in all living organisms. In
168. (4) [NCERT-I-232, 233] this process, glucose undergoes partial oxidation
to form two molecules of pyruvic acid. In plants,
All the enzymes of Krebs’ cycle, fatty acid this glucose is derived from sucrose, which is the
synthesis and amino acid synthesis are found in end product of photosynthesis, or from storage
matrix, but succinic dehydrogenase and carbohydrates.
cytochrome oxidase (ETS) are present on inner
177. (4) [NCERT-I-235]
membrane of mitochondria.
The F1 headpiece is a peripheral membrane pro-
169. (2) [NCERT-236]
tein complex and contains the site for synthesis of
carbohydrates are used as substrate and are ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. F0 is an
completely oxidised, the RQ will be 1, because equal integral membrane protein complex that forms the
amounts of CO2 and O2 are evolved and consumed, channel through which protons cross the inner mem-
respectively brane. The passage of protons through the channel
is coupled to the catalytic site of the F1 compo-
nent for the production of ATP
170. (1) [NCERT-237]
178. (4) [NCERT-I-232-233]
Proteins are respiratory substrates the ratio would be
about 0.9. The number of ATP molecules synthesised depends
171. (4) [NCERT-I-237] on the nature of the electron donor. Oxidation of
one molecule of NADH gives rise to 3 molecules of
ATP, while that of one molecule of FADH2 produces
2 molecules of ATP. Although the aerobic process
172. (4) [NCERT-I-229] of respiration takes place only in the presence of
Sucrose is converted into glucose and fructose by oxygen, the role of oxygen is limited to the termi-
the enzyme, invertase, and these two monosaccha- nal stage of the process.
rides readily enter the glycolytic pathway. 179. (2) [NCERT-I-229]
173. (4) [NCERT-I-231]
Substance level phosphorylation occurs in glyco-
lysis when there is conversion of – BPGA o PGA
2
Pyruvic acid  CoA  NAD  Mg
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
o Acetyl CoA  CO2  NADH  H

and PEP o Pyruvic acid

174. (4) [NCERT-I-231] 180. (4) [NCERT-I-232]
Pyruvate, which is formed by the glycolytic catabo-
lism of carbohydrates in the cytosol, after it enters
mitochondrial matrix undergoes oxidative decar-
boxylation by a complex set of reactions catalysed
by pyruvic dehydrogenase. The reactions catalysed
by pyruvic dehydrogenase require the participation
of several coenzymes, including NAD+ and Coen-
zyme A.
175. (1) [NCERT-I-234]
But this kind of assumptions are not really valid in
a living system; all pathways work simultaneously
and do not take place one after another; substrates
enter the pathways and are withdrawn from it as
and when necessary; ATP is utilised as and when
needed; enzymatic rates are controlled by multiple
means. Yet, it is useful to do this exercise to ap-
preciate the beauty and efficiency of the living sys-
tem in extraction and storing energy. Hence, there
can be a net gain of 38 ATP molecules during aero-
bic respiration of one molecule of glucose.

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