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SCHOOL: LYCEE DE KIGALI LEVEL: SENIOR SIX (2022- 2023)

SUBJECT: PHYSICS UNIT 1: SOUND WAVES: EXERCISES
1 Sound waves can propagate in air. The speed of the sound depends on temperature of the air;
at 200C it is 344 m/s it is. What is the wavelength of a sound wave in air if the frequency is
262 Hz (the approximate frequency of middle C on a piano)?
2 A section of drainage culvert 1.23 m in length makes a howling noise when the wind blows.
a. Determine the frequencies of the first three harmonics of the culvert if it is open at both
ends. Take v = 343 m/s as the speed of sound in air.
b. What are the three lowest natural frequencies of the culvert if it is blocked at one end?
3 List and explain the properties and characteristics of sound waves
4 State the principle of superposition of sound waves
5 A man standing in front of a vertical cliff fires a gun. He hears the echo after 3s. On
moving closer to the cliff by 82.5 m, he fires again and hears the echo after 2.5s. Find:
(i) The distance of the cliff from the initial position of the man
(ii) The speed of sound
6 A boy standing at some distance from the cliff claps and hears the echo after 0.8 seconds
later. What is the distance of the cliff from the boy if the speed is 340ms?
7 Find the speed of sound in water, which has a bulk modulus of B = 2.1 109 N m 2 at a

temperature of 0oC and a density of 1.00  103 kg m 3

8 The correct statement about sound waves is that:
a) They are transverse waves b)They can be polarized
c)They require material medium to propagate d)They can propagate in vacuum
propagate
9 A wire of length 400mm and mass 1.2 × 10–3 kg is under a tension of 120N.What is
(a) the fundamental frequency of vibration? (b) the frequency of the third harmonic?
10 The fundamental frequency of a pipe that is open at both ends is 594 Hz.
a. How long is this pipe?
b. Find the wavelength. Assume the temperature is 20oc
c. Determine the fundamental frequency of the flute when all holes are covered and the
temperature is 10 °C instead of 20°C?

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11 A piano string is 1.10 m long and has mass of 9g.

a. How much tension must the string be under if it is to vibrate at a fundamental frequency of
31Hz? b. What are the frequencies of the first four harmonics?
12 a) An organ pipe closed at one end is excited so as support the 3rd overtone (4th harmonics).
How many nodes and antinodes are in the pipe? (Use diagram to support your answer).
b) Determine the length of an open –end air column required to produce a fundamental
frequency (1st harmonic) of 480Hz. The speed of sound in air is known to 343m/s.
13 a) What do you understand by the term stationary wave?
b) A progressive wave is represented by the equation y  0.6 sin 4 (40t  x) where x and
y are in metres and t is second.
Find:
i. The amplitude of the wave ii) The angular frequency
i) The frequency of the wave iv) The wave number
v)The wavelength of the wave vi) The direction of the wave movement
14 An open pipe 30cm long and a closed pipe 23cm long, both of the same diameter are each
sounding its first overtone, and these are unison. What is the end- correction (in cm) of these
pipes is: a) 0.5cm b) 1cm c) 0.3cm d) 1.2cm
15 An open pipe 40 cm long and close pipe 31 cm long both having same diameter are producing
their first overtone and these are in union. Determine the end correction( in cm) of these pipes
ANS: 2cm
16 The second overtone of an open pipe has the same frequency as the first overtone of a closed
pipe 2m long. The length of the open pipe is:
a) 1cm b) 2cm c) 2cm d) 4cm e) 6cm
17 The fundamental frequency of an open pipe is 300 Hz. The first overtone of this pipe is the
same as the second overtone of a closed pipe. The length of the closed organ pipe is:
(Speed of sound in air is 330m/s).
a) 21cm b) 11cm c) 69 cm d) 44cm e) 96cm
18 A closed organ pipe of length 100 cm and an open organ pipe contain gases of densities 9
kg/m3 and 1kg/m3, respectively. The compressibility of gases is equal in both the pipes (B0 =
Bc =B). Both the pipes are vibrating in their first overtone with same frequency. The length of
the open organ pipe is (in m). ANS: Lo = 4m

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19 A Turning fork is set into vibration above a vertical open tube filled with water (see figure
below). The water level is allowed to drop slowly. As it does so, the air in the tube above the
water level is heard to resonate with the turning fork when the distance from the tube opening
to the water level is 0.25m and again 0.395m.
a) What is the frequency the frequency of the turning fork?
b) What is the end correction (i.e., the distance from the end of the tube to the node or
antinode just outside the tube)?
Figure:

ANS: f = 635Hz End- correction is 0.01m

20 A tuning fork is set into vibration above a vertical open tube filled with water. The water level
is allowed to drop slowly. As it does so, the air in the tube above the water level is heard to
resonate with the tuning fork when the distance from the tube opening to the water level is d1=
0.130m, and again at d2 = 0.372m m. What is the frequency (in Hz) of the tuning fork? (Use
figure form question 25 and replace d1 and d2 by their respective values. ANS:
21 Two identical piano strings of length 0.75m are each tuned exactly to 440Hz. The tension in
one of the strings is then increased by 2%. If they are now struck, what is the beat frequency
between the fundamental of the two strings?
a) 4.033Hz b) 15.3Hz c) 7.3Hz d) 18.3Hz e) 4.3Hz
ANS: Beat frequency = |f1 –f2 | = 4.3Hz
22 The frequency of the beats is equal to the difference in the frequency of the two sound waves
Beat frequency = frequency of loud sound heard =|f1-f2|
Example:

Two identical piano strings of length 0.750 m are each, tuned exactly to 500 Hz.
The tension in one of the strings is then increased by `21%. If they are now struck, what is the
beat frequency between the fundamental of the two strings?
b) 33Hz b) 50Hz c) 73Hz d) 13Hz e) 43Hz
Solution

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T T
We know that V  , f   f T T= Tension (N)
 
We find the ratio of frequencies if the tension in one string is 1.0% larger than the other:
f1 T1 121
 , f 2  500Hz , T1  T2  21 /  T2  T1  T2
f2 T2 100
f1 121T2 11
  f1   500Hz  50Hz Beat frequency = |f1 –f2 | = 50Hz
500 100T2 10
23 Why is a pulse on a string considered to be transverse?
ANS: String waves are an example of transverse waves because the string moves up and
down at right angles to the horizontal motion of the wave.
24
How much power is transported by a string wave?
Formula
1 2 2
Power transmitted by string wave   A V
2
Where :  = Angular frequency of the wave V= Wave propagation velocity
 = Mass per unit length of the string A= Wave amplitude
Example:
Sinusoidal waves 5.00 cm in amplitude is to be transmitted along a string having a linear mass
density equal to 4.00×10−2kg/m. If the source can deliver an average power of 90W and the
string is under a tension of 100 N then the highest frequency at which the source can operate
is (take π2=10).
a) 45Hz b) 30Hz c) 50Hz d) 62Hz e) 55Hz
ANS : f = 50Hz
25 A Sinusoidal wave 5.00cm in amplitude are to be transmitted along a string that has a linear
mass density of 4.00 × 10-2kg/m. The source can deliver a maximum power of 300W and the
string is under a tension of 100N. What is the highest frequency at which the source can
operate? ANS: f = 55Hz
26 A harmonic wave traveling along a string in the direction of increasing x has the following
form
y = 0.4 sin (0.2 x − 5 t), where all the numerical constants are in SI units.
(a) Find the amplitude, wave number, angular frequency, and speed of the wave.
(b) Find the wavelength, period, and frequency of the wave.

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ANS: a) A = 0.4m, k = 0.2 rad/m, ω= 5 rad/s, and φ = 0

b) λ = 31.4 m, f = 0.8 Hz
27 A string is plucked producing four loops (antinodes). The length of the string is 12.00 m.
The wavelength of the wave must be:
A. 48.0 m B. 24.0 m C. 6.00 m D 3.00 m ANS: C
28

A stretched string of length 8 m vibrates at a frequency of 50 Hz producing a standing wave

pattern with 4 loops. What is the speed of wave?
A. 50 𝑚/𝑠 B. 100 𝑚/𝑠 C. 150 𝑚𝑠/ D. 200 𝑚/𝑠 E. 250 𝑚/𝑠 ANS: D
30 Two loudspeakers on a concert stage are vibrating in phase. A listener is 46.6 m from the left
speaker and 34.8 m from the right one. The listener can respond to all frequencies from 20Hz
to 20KHz, and the speed of sound is 343m/s. What is the lowest frequency that can be heard
loudly due to constructive interference?
ANS: The two lowest frequencies are 29Hz and 58Hz
31 If the intensity of an earth-quake P wave 100 km from the source is I = 1.0×1.0 106 Wm-2,
what is the intensity 400 km from the source?
2
r1
ANS : Power : P  4I1r1  4I 2 r2  I 2  I1 6.2 104 W / m 2
2 2
2
r2
34 Two identical machines are positioned the same distance from a worker. The intensity of
sound delivered by each machine at the location of the worker is 2.0x10-7 W/m2.Find the
sound level heard by the worker.
(a) When one machine is operating. (b) When both machines are operating.
Solution:
a) The sound level at the location of the worker with one machine operating is
2.0 107 w / m 2
1  10lo  53dB
1.00 1012 w / m 2
b) When the two machines are operating, the intensity is doubled to; therefore , the
4.0 107 w / m 2
 2  10lo  56dB
sound level now is 1.00 1012 w / m 2
From these results, we see that when the intensity is doubled , the sound level increases by
only 3dB

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35 A point source emits sound waves with an average power output of 80.0W.
(a) Find the intensity 3.00 m from the source.
(b) Find the distance at which the intensity of the sound is 1.00×10-8 W/m2.
Solution
Pavg 80.0W W
I   0.707 2
a) 4r 2
4(3.00m) 2
m
The intensity is close to the threshold of pain
Pavg 80.0W W
r   2.52  104
4I 4(1.00  108
W m2
b) m2
36 A point source emits sound waves with an average power output of 80.0W.
a. Find the intensity 3.00 m from the source.
b. Find the distance at which the sound level is 40dB.
ANS: a) I= 0.7W/m2 b) r  2.52  104 m
37 A tuning fork is set into vibration above a vertical open tube filled with water. The water
level is allowed to drop slowly. As it does so, the air in the tube above the water level is
heard to resonate with the tuning fork when the distance from the tube opening to the water
level is 0.145 m, and again at 0.345 m. What is the frequency (in hertz) of the tuning fork?
38 What is meant by Doppler Effect?
 This is the apparent change in pitch (frequency) of a note due to the relative motion
between the observer and the source of sound.
 It can also be defined as the apparent change in the frequency of a wave, when there is
relative motion between the source and observer.
39 Doppler effect is observed in which type of waves
a) Longitudinal waves b) Transverse wave c) Both of these d ) None of these
40 Nodes are……..
a) Positions of maximum displacement b) Positions of no displacement
c) A position between no displacement and maximum displacement ANS: b
41 Sound is an example of
a) a longitudinal wave. b) a wave that can travel through a vacuum.
c) a transverse wave. c) a wave that does not transmit energy.

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42 Sound travels faster in

a). air. b. water. c. steel. d. a vacuum.
e. Sound travels at about the same speed in all of these. f) None of these ANS: c
43 Compressions and rarefactions are characteristic of
a) Longitudinal waves. b) Transverse waves c) Both of these. d) Neither of these. ANS: a
44 In which of the following is the wavelength of the lowest vibration mode the same as the
length of the string or tube?
a) A string. b) A tube closed at one end. c). All of the above.
d) An open tube. e) None of the above. f) A tube closed at one end ANS: d
45 Which of the following transmit energy without transmitting matter?
a) protons b) baseball bats c) waves d) electrons e) Butterfly
ANS: c
 Because a wave is a disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another without
transferring matter.
46 A car travelling at 72km/h has a risen that produces sound of frequency 500Hz. Calculate the
difference between the frequency of sound heard by an observer by the road side as the car
approaches and recedes from the observer ( speed of sound in air = 320m/s)
ANS : Approaching : fo = 533.33Hz , Receding: fo = 470Hz Fbeat = |f-f| = 62.7Hz
47
A source of the sound of frequency 500Hz is moving towards an observer with
velocity 30m/s. The speed of sound is 330m/s the frequency heard by the observer will be :
a) 550Hz b) 458Hz c) 530Hz d) 545Hz ANS: a
48 A car sounds its horns as it travels at a steady speed of 15m/s along a straight road between
two stationary observers A and B. Observer A hears a frequency of 538 Hz while B hears a
lower frequency. Clalculate the frequency heard by B if the speed of sound in air is 340m/s.
ANS: Since the car is moving towards A and moves away from B. Therefore,
FA= 514.26Hz. FB= 492.53Hz.
50 a) What is meant by Doppler Effect?
b) In Figure below, a French submarine and a U.S. submarine move toward each other during
maneuvers in motionless water in the North Atlantic. The French sub moves at speed VF =

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50.00km/h, and the U.S. sub at VUS = 70.00km/h. The French sub sends out a sonar signal
(sound wave in water) at 1.000×103 Hz. Sonar waves travel at 5470km/h.
(i) What is the signal’s frequency as detected by the U.S. sub?
(ii) What frequency is detected by the French sub in the reflected back to it by the U.S.
sub?

ANS a) fUS = ………………Hz b) fFrench = …………….Hz

51
Diana FM broadcasts at a frequency of 88.2MHz. Calculate the wavelength of the radio
waves. ANS :   3.4 m
52
A vibrator produces waves which travels a distance of 12m in 4sec. If the frequency of the
vibrator is 2Hz, what is the wavelength of the wave?
ANS :   1.5 m
53
A displacement of travelling wave in the direction X- direction is given by
t x
y  a sin 2(  ) m . Find the speed of the wave. ANS : V= 0.4m/s
0.5 0.2
54 a) State the principle of superposition
10
b) A progressive wave is given by y  a sin (100t  x ) where x is and y are in
9
millimeters and t in seconds.
(i) Write the equation of the progressive wave which would give rise to a stationary wave if
superimposed on the above
(ii) Find the equation of the stationary wave and hence determine its amplitude of vibration
(iii) Determine the frequency and velocity of the stationary wave.
10
ANS: b) (i) y  a sin (100t  x )
9
10
( ii) y  a sin (100t  x )
9
10 10
Y = Y1 +y= y  a sin (100t  x ) + a sin (100t  x )
9 9
10
y  2 a cos ( x ) sin(100t )
9

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10
Amplitude of vibration A  2 a cos( x )
9
(iii) F=50Hz and V= 90m/s
55

56 What is the beat frequency produced when a tuning fork of a frequency of 256 Hz and a tuning
fork of a frequency of 512 Hz are struck simultaneously?
ANS: The beat frequency is the difference of the two frequencies.
We use |f2−f1|=(512−256)Hz=256Hz
57 Two whistles are sounded simultaneously. The wavelengths of the sounds emitted are 5.5m
and 6.0m respectively. Find the beat frequency if the speed of sound is 330ms-1.
v 330
For 1st sound f1    60Hz
1 5.5
v 330
For 2nd sound f 2    55Hz
2 56
Beat frequency fbeat = fi – f2= 60- 55= 5Hz
58 The mass of a vibrating length of sonometer wire is 1.20g. A note of frequency512Hz is
produced when the wire is sounding in second over tote. If the tension in the wire is 100N.
Calculate the vibrating length of the wire. ANS : L= …….m
59 Calculate the separation of the slits if the distance from slits to the screen is 800mm and the
8th bright fringe is formed 5mm from the center of the fringe system given that the
wavelength of light is 6.2 x 10-7m. ANS : d= 7.94 x 10-4 m
60 If a source emits a sound of frequency 400 Hz when at rest, then when the source moves
toward a fixed observer with a speed of 30 m/s, what frequency does the observer hears
knowing that the speed of a sound in air at room temperature is 343m/s?
ANS: fo = 438Hz

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61 The siren of a police car at rest emits at a predominant frequency of 1600 Hz. What
frequency will be heard if you were moving with speed of 25 m/s?
a) Toward it? b) Away from it?
ANS: a) fo = 1716.6Hz b) fo = 1483Hz
62
A man see a car is traveling at speed 20 m/s away. If the car's horn emits a frequency of 600
Hz, what frequency will man hear? Assume v = 340 m/s for the speed of sound.
ANS: a) fo = 566.7Hz
63 As an ambulance travels east down a highway at a speed of 33.5 m/s, its siren emits sound at
a frequency of 400 Hz. What frequency is heard by a person in a car traveling west at 24.6
m/s
a) As the car approaches the ambulance and
b) As the car moves away from the ambulance?

ANS: a) As the ambulance and car approach each other, the person in the car hears the
frequency fo = 475Hz
b) As the vehicles recede from each other, the person hears the frequency: fo =
338Hz.
Note: The change in frequency detected by the person in the car is 475 Hz - 338 Hz = 137
Hz, which is more than 30% of the true frequency.
64 Choose the best answer: Bats can fly in the dark without hitting anything because
a. They are flying mammals b. Their night vision is going
c. They are guided by ultrasonic waves produced by them d. of no scientific reason
ANS: c
65 Bats and dolphins use echolocation to determine distances and find prey. What characteristic
of sound waves is most important for echolocation?
a. Sound waves reflect when they hit a surface b. Sound waves spread out from a source
c. Sound waves diffract around corner d. Sound waves interfere when they overlap.
ANS: a
66 A police car sound a siren of 1000 Hz as it approaches a stationary observer at a speed of
33.5 m/s. What is the apparent frequency of the siren as heard by the observer if the speed of
sound in air is 340 m/s ANS: fo = 1109Hz

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67 A bat, moving at 5.00 m/s, is chasing a flying insect. If the bat emits a 40.0 kHz chirp and
receives back an echo at 40.4 kHz, at what speed is the insect moving toward or away from
the bat? (Take the speed of sound in air to be v = 340 m/s.). Is the bat going to catch the
insect? Explain your answer.
Answer
Case 1: Bat is considered as source and moves towards the insert( taken as an observer)
v  v in sec t
f observed by  f bat ( ) Equation …..(1)
v  v bat
in sec t

Case 2: Insect is considered as source and moves away from the bat( considered an
observer)
v  v bat
f observed by  f in sec t ( ) Equation …..(2)
v  v in sec t
bat

fbat = Freflected by insect = 4.0KHz

Using equation (1) into equation (3), we get
v  v bat v  v in sec t
f observed ( )( )f bat
v  v in sec t v  v bat
by bat after reflection

343  5 343  v in sec t

40.4  ( )( )40.0
343  v in sec t 343  5

v in sec t  3.3m / s
v bat  v in sec t
Yes , it will catch the insect because
68 If you hear the horn of the car whose frequency is 216 Hz at a frequency of 225 Hz, what is it
velocity? Is it away from you or toward you? The speed of sound is 343 m/s.
ANS : Us= 52.458m/s
69 You run at 12.5 m/s toward a stationary speaker that is emitting a frequency of 518 Hz. What
frequency do you hear? The speed of sound is 343 m/s ANS : fo= 537Hz
70 The source of a sound moves away from the listener. The listener has the impression that the
source is……………………
a) lower in pitch b) higher in amplitude c) lower in velocity d) higher in tone ANS: a
71 A sound source with a frequency of 790Hz moves away from a stationary observer at a rate
of 15m/s. What frequency does the observer hear? The speed of sound is 340m/s.
ANS : fo= 757 Hz

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72 A fire truck emits an 880Hz siren. As the truck approaches an observer on the sidewalk, he
perceives the pitch to be 950Hz. Approximately what pitch does he hear after the truck passes
and is moving away? Assume the truck’s velocity remains constant, and that the velocity of
sound in air is 340m/s.
ANS: fobserved = 820Hz
73 You are jogging on the sidewalk at a rate of 3m/s. A police car behind you is patrolling at a
rate of 4m/s when it turns on its siren. If the siren has a frequency of 10000Hz, is the frequency
you perceive higher or lower than the frequency emitted?
a) Higher because the siren is traveling the same direction as you
b) Lower because the overall distance between you and the siren is increasing
c) Neither higher nor lower because the Doppler effect only affects sounds at lower
frequencies
d) Higher because the overall distance between you and the siren is decreasing
e) Lower because you are running slower than the police car ANS: d
74 A star emits visible color at 550nm. If the star is moving away from a stationary observer,
which of the following cannot be the wavelength observed?
a) 568nm b) 571nm c) 552nm d)584nm e)530nm ANS: e
75 Two cars approach each other at 50ms when one car starts to beep its horn at a frequency
of 475Hz. What is the wavelength of the horn as heard by the other driver?
Speed of sound =343ms
a) 0.23m b) 0.54m c) 1.23m d) 1.00m e) 1.52m ANS: b
76 A fire truck emitting a siren at 1000Hz moves at 45m/s towards a jogger. The jogger is
moving at 5m/s towards the fire truck. Take the speed of sound to be 345m/s. At what
frequency does the jogger perceive the siren?
a) 1166Hz b) 834Hz c) 1333Hz d) 960Hz d) 1025Hz ANS: a
77 A bat can locate an obstacle by emitting a high frequency sound wave through detecting the
reflected waves. A bat flying at a steady speed of 5m/s emits sound waves of frequency
7800Hz and is reflected back.
a) Derive the equation of the frequency of sound waves reaching the bat after reflection
b) Calculate the frequency of the sound received by the bat given that speed of sound in air is
340m/s. ANS : f= 80328.36Hz

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78 A car travelling at 72 km/h has a siren which produces sound of frequency 500Hz. Calculate
the difference between the frequency of sound heard by an observer by the roadside as the car
approaches and recedes from the observer . Speed of sound in air = 320 m/s
ANS: f= 62.7Hz
79 a) Explain what is meant by Doppler effect
b) Deduce an expression for the frequency heard by an observer when:
(i) He is stationary and a source of sound is moving towards him.
(ii) He is moving towards a stationary source of sound.
80 A cyclist and train approach each other with a speed of 10m/s and 20m/s respectively. A train
sounded siren at 480Hz. Calculate the frequency of the note heard by the cyclist. (Speed of
sound in air is 340m/s)
a) Before the train passes him b) After the train has passed him
81 An observer moving between two stationary sources of sound along a straight line joining
them hears beats at a rate of 4𝑠-1 at what velocity is the observer moving if the frequency of
the sources is 50Hz and speed of sound in air is 340m/s
82 A particular organ pipe has a length of 72 cm, and it is open at both ends. Assume that the
speed of sound in air is 340 m/s.
(a) What is the frequency of the fundamental?
(c) If one end of the pipe is now covered, what is the frequency of the fundamental?
ANS: a) f= 236.1Hz b) f= 1180.05Hz
83 A wire of length 12m and mass 48g was being tested for use as a guitar string. A 64cm
length of this wire was fixed at both ends and plucked. The fundamental frequency of the
sound produced was found to be 173 Hz. Calculate the tension in the wire.
ANS:
m 0.048 v 1 T 1 T
a)     0.004kg / m , f    173   T  49N
l 12 2l 2l  2  0.64 0.004

84 a) Sound is passing perpendicularly through an open window whose dimensions are 1.1 m x
0.75 m. The sound intensity level is 95dB above the threshold of hearing. How much sound
energy comes through the window in one hour?
b) A fan at a rock concert is 30 m from the stage, and at this point the sound intensity level is

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110dB. (i) How much energy is transferred to her eardrums each second?
(ii) How fast would a 2.0-mg mosquito have to fly (in mm/s) to have this much kinetic
energy?
c) Find the intensity of the sound wave with pressure amplitude 4 x 10-3 Pa. assume density
of air is 1.2 kg/m3 and speed of sound in air is 340m/s
85 a) Two train whistles, A and B, each have a frequency of 392 Hz. A is stationary and B is
moving toward the right (away from A) at a speed of 35.0 m/s. A listener is between the two
whistles and is moving toward the right with a speed of 15 m/s (Fig.). No wind is blowing.
(Speed of sound in air is 340m/s).

i) What is the frequency from A as heard by the listener?

ii) What is the frequency from B as heard by the listener?
iii) What is the beat frequency detected by the listener?
b) Discuss the applications of Doppler effect
ANSWER:
a) fLA= 375Hz fLB = 371Hz c) fb= fLA= |fLA- fLB|= 375Hz -375Hz = 4Hz
b) Applications of Doppler effect
i) It is used in radar speed traps ii) Measuring the high temperatures
iii) Measuring the speed of stars and planets iv) It is used in radar speed traps
86 A particular organ pipe has a length of 72cm and it is open at both ends.
a) Find the fundamental frequency and the corresponding wavelength
b) If one end of the pipe is now closed, what are the fundamental frequency and the
wavelength?
c) i) Define Doppler effect as applied to sound waves.
ii) What frequency is received by a person watching an oncoming ambulance moving at 110
km/h and emitting a steady 800 Hz sound from its siren?
iii) What frequency does the person receive after the ambulance has passed?
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