LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

1. describe aerobic and anaerobic respiration;
2. appreciate significance and practical uses of
aerobic and anaerobic respiration; and
3. create a tabular form in differentiating the
two types of respiration.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
 What is Cellular Respiration?
• The process of converting food energy into ATP
energy

• C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP

 Cellular Respiration
• Takes place in ALL living organisms
– Plants
– Animals
– Some bacteria

Where as photosynthesis takes place only in

plants!!
Mitochondria

• Where glucose is
broken down
releasing CO2 ,
water, and ATP
ATP
• Most of the energy
from cell respiration is
converted into ATP
• ATP is a substance
that powers most cell
activities.
 Muscle Cell division
Growth
contraction

Use of energy in
organisms

Germination
Keeping body
temperature constant

The passage of
nerve impulses Protein synthesis
ACTIVITY. Word Cryptogram
Directions: Arrange the scrambled letters by putting the correct
sequence on the shaded boxes to form a word based on the given
description. Use the numbered box to discover the hidden word or
acronym.
ACTIVITY. Word Cryptogram
Directions: Arrange the scrambled letters by putting the correct
sequence on the shaded boxes to form a word based on the given
description. Use the numbered box to discover the hidden word or
acronym.
5. What is the hidden acronym?
6. Write the complete words of the acronym
7. Why is oxygen essential for a cellular
respiration to occur?
8. What is aerobic respiration?
9. What is anaerobic respiration?
10. What is the difference between cellular
respiration and respiration (breathing)?
11. In bread making what type of respiration
takes place? Why does the dough rise?
 AEROBIC RESPIRATION

•It is the release of energy in cells by the breakdown of

glucose in the presence of oxygen.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

sugar oxygen carbon water
(glucose) dioxide

•Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria

of eukaryotes and cytoplasm of prokaryotes.
 AEROBIC RESPIRATION

• Most living things get energy from aerobic

respiration and are called AEROBES

• The energy stored in bonds in glucose is

released and used to make ATP

• When ATP breaks down it supplies energy for

all the reactions in a cell such as movement of
muscles, growth of new cells etc.
• Aerobic respiration is relatively efficient, 40%
of the energy in glucose is used to make ATP

• Any energy not used to produce ATP is lost as

heat
Cellular Respiration
Stage One: Breakdown of Glucose
•Glycolysis Glucose is
broken down to
pyruvate during
glycolysis, making
some ATP.
• Cells do not BURN glucose, they slowly release
energy from it and other food compounds through
several pathways (processes)
– 1st pathway  glycolysis: releases only a small amount
of energy (2 net ATP)
• If oxygen present, it will lead to two other pathways that release
a lot of energy: Krebs cycle & Electron Transport Chain
• If oxygen absent glycolysis is followed by a different pathway:
Alcoholic Fermentation or Lactic Acid Fermentation
Glycolysis
• Process takes place in the cytosol of the cytoplasm
outside of mitochondria; coverts glucose with the
help of 2 ATP molecules and eventually releases 4
ATP molecules; for a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.
• In presence of oxygen (aerobic) glycolysis is
followed by: ______________
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
______________
 2 ATP
ATP & NADH 2 NADH
used up
become
& 2 H+
production in produced
2 ADP

Glycolysis 4 ATP
produced
Step 1: breaks 1 molecule of glucose in Net gain =
half, producing 2 molecules of pyruvic 2 ATP
acid (a 3-carbon compound)

Step 2: 2 NAD+ ;electron carrier accepts

4 high-energy electrons transfers them
to 2 NADH molecules and 2 H+ thus
passing the energy stored in the glucose

Step 3: 4 ADP added producing 4 ATP

Step 4: 2 remaining pyruvic acids enter

Krebs Cycle in presence of oxygen; IF
no oxygen another pathway is followed

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

The Krebs Cycle
1. 2nd intermediate stage in aerobic
respiration
2. Named after Hans Krebs, British
biochemist in 1937
3. Here pyruvic acid is broken down
into carbon dioxide in a series of
energy-extracting reactions
4. Citric acid is the 1st compound
formed in this series of reactions, so
Krebs is sometimes called the Citric
or Citric Acid Cycle.
Pyruvic acid enters from glycolysis;
One carbon removed = CO2 formed

NAD+ again changed to NADH

CoA joins remaining 2 carbons =

Acetyl-CoA

Acetyl-CoA added to 4 carbon

Compound = Citric acid (6-C)

Citric acid broken down to 5-carbon

then 4 carbon; more CO2 released

Along the way more NADH and

FADH2 formed

One molecule of ATP also made

2 turns & 2 pyruvic acid (from

glycolysis)
yield:
10 NADH (2 from glycolysis)
2 FADH2
4 ATP (2 from glycolysis)

Cycle starts anew

Uses for the products of the Krebs
Cycle

• Carbon dioxide is exhaled (waste product)

• ATP can be used for cellular activities
• High-energy electrons (stored in NADH &
FADH2) can be used to make huge amounts of
ATP in the presence of oxygen
The Total ATP production of Aerobic CR
• How much chemical energy comes from one
molecule of glucose??
– Absence of oxygen:
• Only 2 ATP molecules from glycolysis
– Presence of oxygen:
• 2 net ATP molecules from glycolysis
• 36 more ATP molecules from Krebs Cycle and electron
transport

These 38 ATP molecules represent 38% of the total energy of

glucose, remaining 62% is released as heat, thus your body
feels warmer after vigorous exercise and does not freeze in
winter.
 Anaerobic Respiration

It is the release of a small amount of

energy by the breakdown of nutrients
in the absence of oxygen. WORD
EQUATION:

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

glucose alcohol Carbon dioxide

This is also called FERMENTATION. It commonly happens

in yeast, the microorganism involved in brewing and bread-
making.
Anaerobic Respiration: Fermentation
This occurs after glycolysis when oxygen absent, thus
anaerobic process
• Fermentation releases energy from food molecules
in absence of oxygen
– In this process cells convert NADH to NAD+ by passing
high-energy electrons back to pyruvic acid
– Now glycolysis has NAD+ and can continue producing
ATP
– There are 2 types of fermentation:
• Alcoholic fermentation
• Lactic acid fermentation
Brewing
Malt (a sugary product) is extracted from barley.
Yeast is added and fermentation produces alcohol and CO2.

This makes the drink alcoholic and fizzy

Baking
Yeast is added to a mixture of
flour and water.

The yeast changes the flour starch into sugar and then
ferments the sugar into alcohol and CO2

The CO2 produced makes the dough rise.

When the dough is baked, the heat evaporates the alcohol.

The ‘holes’ in the
bread are made by
the carbon dioxide
bubbles.
This gives the
bread a ‘light’
texture
Anaerobic respiration in mammals.
Anaerobic respiration happens in our muscles when, during
hard exercise, oxygen is not delivered to them fast enough.

It can be represented as:

Glucose  Lactic Acid + Energy

If lactic acid builds up in the

body it stops the muscles from
working and causes a cramp.
To convert the lactic acid to a harmless chemical (pyruvic acid)
oxygen is needed.
The extra amount of oxygen required to break down the lactic
acid is referred to as the oxygen debt.
 AEROBIC vs ANAEROBIC
Aerobic respiration
Uses oxygen
No alcohol or lactic acid made
Large amount of energy released
Carbon dioxide made
Anaerobic respiration
Does not use oxygen
Alcohol (in yeast and plants) or lactic acid
(in animals) is made
Much less energy released
Carbon dioxide is made by yeast and plants,
but not by animals
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• BETA-OXIDATION- is a four step process,
which repeats until fatty acid has been
completely broken down.
• CYTOSOL- the fluid (and suspended
molecules of salts, sugars, amino
acids,enzymes,etc.) around the organelles
• CYTOPLASM- the cytosol PLUS the
organelles suspended within it (i.e.,
everything except the nucleus)