ORGANISMAL

BIOLOGY
Structure and Functions of animals and plants
PRODUCTION
AND
DEVELOPMENT
OF THE PLANTS
AND ANIMALS
STEM A and B
 Learning Competency
Compare and contrast the following processes in
plants and animals

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 OBJECTIVES

1. Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals: reproduction,

development, nutrition, gas exchange, transport/ circulation, regulation of body fluids,

chemical and nervous control, immune systems, and sensory and motor mechanisms.

STEM_BIO11/12-IVa-h-1

2. Explain how some organisms maintain steady internal conditions (e.g., temperature

regulation, osmotic balance and glucose levels) that possess various structures and

processes. STEM_BIO11/12-IVi-j-2

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 Why reproduction is important?

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 Reproduction

is a biological process in which different organisms have the ability to

produce another of their kind. With this ability, organisms are able to improve
their species and enhance their physical characteristics, because only those
that have the genes necessary for survival can proliferate and pass them on to
the next generation. In plants and animals, reproduction may either be sexual
or asexual.

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 Sexual vs Asexual
Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction involves the union
does not involve of gametes (i.e., the sperm and the egg
gametes or sex cells. cell) inside or outside the body of an
This type of organism. This type of reproduction is
reproduction can be exhibited only by higher forms of
observed in some organisms, including humans. In this
plants and in lower process, the sperm and the egg fuse to
forms of animals. create a fertilized egg known as the
zygote, which will eventually become
the embryo.
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 Asexual

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Richard Branson

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 Plants and animals both use color display for
reproduction. Plants use their physical
characteristics to attract pollinators. Some
plants have bright-colored flowers to attract
insects, and thus enabling the transfer of
pollen from one flower to another. Some
animals also use color display to attract a
mate.

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 One distinguishing characteristic of
animals is sexual selection, wherein
some male species compete with
other males to copulate with
females. This form of natural
selection allows successful transfer
of genes from one generation to the
next.
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 Most plants undergo alternation of
generations, where they have
sexual and asexual life cycles,
whereas the animal life cycle has
only one continuous multicellular
stage (after fertilization).

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 The processes in the formation of
gametes are also different between
plants and animals. During meiosis,
plants produce spores first before
forming the gametes, whereas in
animals, the gametes are directly
formed.

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 Another developmental difference
between plants and animals is
shown in their morphogenesis, or
change in shape. Plants develop by
going through a longer period of
morphogenesis than animals.

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 Plants just grow and develop continuously
until they die, whereas animals develop into
a distinct and complete body shape (usually
during adulthood). Plants grow by
increasing their cell size, whereas animals
grow by increasing the number of their
cells.
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 SKELETAL SYSTEM

The skeletal system is your body's central framework. It

consists of bones and connective tissue, including
cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. It's also called the
musculoskeletal system.

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 “
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Richard Branson

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 “
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Richard Branson

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 1. Which of the following animals use gills for breathing?
A. Fish B. Frog C. Insect D. Turtle
2. What type of blood vessel surrounds the alveoli?
A. Arteries B. Capillaries C. Nerve D. Veins
3. Which of the following animals have spiracles?
A. Earthworm B. Fish C. Grasshopper D. Turtle
4. Which group of vertebrates relies on gas exchange across the skin as well as at
the lungs to maintain enough blood oxygen level?
A. Amphibians B. Birds C. Fishes D. Reptiles
5.. Which of the following changes makes you feel the need to breathe?
A. Rising O2 B. Falling O2 C. Rising CO2 D. Falling CO2
6. Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
A. Gills – fish B. Lungs – penguin C. Tracheal system – grasshopper D.
Cutaneous respiration – cockroach
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 1.What carries blood away from the heart?
A. Artery B. Capillary C. Platelet D. Vein
2. What is the primary organ that drives the circulatory system?
A. Artery B. Blood C. Heart D. Liver
3.Which of the following is the main function of the circulatory system?
A. Provide structural support for the body's movement
B. Distribute nutrients and oxygen throughout the body
C. Produce hormones that regulate multiple functions in the body
D. Take wastes products, such as carbon dioxide, out of the body
4. What is the conducting tissue of non-flowering plants?
A. Phloem B. Tracheids C. Veins D. Xylem
5. What blood vessel allows the exchange of nutrients and Oxygen with wastes such
as Carbon Dioxide?
A. Arteries B. Arterioles C. Capillaries D. Veins
6 Which of following system is responsible for blood-transporting system?
A. Digestive system B. Circulatory system
C. Respiratory system D. Reproductive system
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7. Which of the following is NOT true about phloem and Xylem?
A. Phloem is dead at maturity, while Xylem is living
B. Phloem is responsible for food transfer, while xylem is responsible
for water transfer
C. Phloem can transport material bidirectionally, while xylem can
only transport material unidirectionally
D. Phloem consists of sieve tubes and companion cells, while xylem
consist of tracheids and vessel elements

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8. What is the waste product of the respiration process?
A. Nitrogen B. Oxygen C. Carbon Dioxide D. Carbon Monoxide
9. What process involve in the whole cycle of taking in oxygen and releasing of
CO2?
A. Absorption B. Circulation C. Photosynthesis D. Respiration
10 What organs of the amphibians responsible to prevent desiccation?
A. Eyes B. Hear C. Lungs D. Skin
11. Which of the following animals undergo cutaneous respiration?
A. Grasshopper B. Frog C. Mosquito D. Shark
12. What happened to the alveoli during inhalation?
A. Collapse B. Deflate C. Expand D. Inflate
13. Which of the following respiratory disease caused by smoking?
A. Emphysema B. Lung cancer C. Cycotic fibrosis D. Chronic bronchitis

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14. Mario is a change smoker. One day, he suffered from difficult breathing
immediately he went to the hospital for a check -up. The findings of the doctor for
Mario’s condition was emphysema. Is the doctor correct of his findings?
A. No, because difficult breathing is the symptoms of COVID 19.
B. No because difficult breathing is the symptom of acute bronchitis.
C. Yes, because cigarette smoke can destroy the air sac in the lungs to the point
that it cannot repair.
D. Yes because cigarette smoke block on the wind wipe which serve as the
obstacle in breathing.

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 Guide Questions:
1. What are the two
living organisms in the
picture?
2. How these two-living
organism work to
support life?
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 Gas exchange
is the process where water vapor,
and Carbon Dioxide leave and
enters plant leaves.
This activity takes place during the
respiration and photosynthesis.

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 Plants Transport System
In plants the transportation system consists of bundles of tubes
in the stem,
branches and roots. Such tubes are classified as xylem and
phloem. The main
function of xylem is to bring water and minerals extracted
from the roots to the rest
of the plant body. While the phloem transports the food
manufactured in the leaves
to all parts of the plant.
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 Gas Exchange in Animals
Breathing is a physical process of
bringing air in and releasing gaseous
material into and out of the body.
Respiration is the whole cycle of
taking oxygen into the body and
releasing the carbon dioxide as waste
product.

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 Respiratory structures include the
gills, the tracheal system, the skin,
and the lungs. The function of the
respiratory system of the animals is
to supply oxygen for the metabolic
needs to the cells to remove one of
the waste materials for cellular
metabolism, carbon dioxide.
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 Respiratory Problems

Asthma, . Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(COPD), Emphysema, Lung Cancer, Cystic fibrosis,
Pneumonia, Pleural effusion, COVID-19,

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 Animals Transport System

The main transport system for animals is the circulatory system. The

circulatory system plays a central role in an organism’s survival. The human

circulatory system consists of the heart, blood, and a closed structure system called
blood vessels that includes the arteries, veins, and capillaries. The circulatory
system's main functions are to transfer the nutrients and oxygen to all body cells and
to transport waste products to the liver, kidneys and lungs.
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The heart

is the muscle that pumps blood throughout the body. It consists of four chambers. The top two
chambers are called atria while the bottom two are called ventricles. The atria are the receiving
chambers for blood returning to the heart. The blood from the circulation enters the right atrium while
the reoxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium. The atria are thin-walled

chambers because they need to contract only minimally to blood into the ventricles. On the

other hand, ventricles have thicker walls because they need to contract harder to pump blood out of the
heart and in to the circulation. The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk while the left
ventricle ejects blood into the aorta.
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 The Blood Vessels

are responsible for the transport of blood throughout the body. There are three
types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart while veins carry deoxygenated
blood towards the heart. Capillaries are tiny, thin-walled vessels that allow
water, nutrients, and oxygen from the blood to move to the surrounding
tissues and allow wastes to move out in the opposite direction.

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 The Blood

is a special connective tissue that distributes essential nutrients,

including oxygen while collecting wastes, such as carbon dioxide. It consists

of a yellowish fluid called plasma, which contains red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets. The red blood cells have hemoglobin,

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1. What organ of the circulatory system that distributes essential nutrients including
oxygen while collecting carbon dioxide as the waste product.?
A. Arteries B. Blood C. Capillaries D. Veins
2. Why is the pressure at the top of the plant is low while at the bottom is high?
A. Due to transpiration B. Due to temperature C. Due to photosynthesis.
D. Due to movement of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen in the atmosphere?
3. How the food is transported to all parts of the plants?
A. By the stomata B. By sieve tubes C. Xylem tissues D. By phloem tissue
4. What organ in the circulatory system that are responsible for the transport of the
blood throughout the body?
A. Aorta B. Blood C. Heart D. Blood vessel
5.How the oxygenated blood travels back to the heart?
A. Through the capillaries B. Through the bicuspid valve
C. Through the pulmonary veins D. Through the pulmonary arteries
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6. What part of the plants photosynthesis takes place?
A. Leaves B. Flowers C. Roots D. Stems
7. What transporting organ of the plants transport water in
flowering plants?
A. Tracheid only B. Xylem vessel only
C. Both xylem and phloem D. Xylem vessel and tracheid
8. What process involve in transporting food from leaves to the
other parts of a plant?
A. Evaporation B. Translocation
C. Transpiration D. Respiration
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 IMMUNE SYSTEM
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Mirjam Nilsson
Chief Executive Officer

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Flora Berggren Rajesh Santoshi
Chief Operation Officer VP Marketing

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 Click icon to add picture Click icon to add picture Click icon to add picture Click icon to add picture

Takuma Hayashi Mirjam Nilsson Flora Berggren Rajesh Santoshi

President Chief Executive Officer Chief Operations Manager VP Marketing

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Graham Barnes Rowan Murphy Elizabeth Moore Robin Kline

VP Product SEO Strategist Product Designer Content Developer

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 1 2 3 4 5

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1. Antimicrobial Agents includes Interferon, Interleukins
Lactoferrin and transferrin and complement system.
2. Phagocytic cells engulf particles and microorganisms in the
digestive vacuoles and then break down the cell by the lysozyme.
Two types of phagocytic cells:
a. Stationary phagocytes or macrophages are made in the bone
marrow. Monocytes circulate in the bloodstream. When stop
circulating and become localized, they become macrophages.
b. Wandering phagocytes are white blood cells that circulate in the
blood stream called neutrophils and monocytes.

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3. Natural Killer cells (NK) are not phagocytic, but they are attached to cell
surface and produce enzymes that destroy cells that have infected with viruses.

Why Inflammation and Fever occurs?

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 PAMPs – pathogen associated molecular
patterns
macrophage- large phagocytic cell that engulfs
foreign particles and pathogens
Leukocytes- white blood cells fight infections
and other diseases
Monocytes- white blood cells that circulates in
the blood and lymph
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 Pathogens may enter the body
through….

1. abrasions/ punctures

2. Collecting on mucosal surfaces in large numbers

3. Evolved specific mechanism to overcome physical and

chemical barriers
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 When the pathogens enter the body
the innate response is…

1. Inflammation

2. Pathogen engulfment

3. Secretion of immune factors and proteins

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B cells are white blood cells that develop and mature in the
bone marrow.
They are activated when they encounter antigen in the
lymph nodes.
The T cells are white blood cells made in the bone marrow
and mature in the thymus. They are activated when they meet
antigens in the lymph nodes. T cells need
to distinguish an antigen in the context of self-molecules
called major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.

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Three types of T-cells:
1. Cytotoxic T cells are effectors that kill infected cells, tumor
cells, and foreign cells by a touch-kill mechanism.
2. Helper T cells secrete proteins that help other immune cells (B
cells, macrophages) survive and perform their function.
3. Regulatory T cells control and turn off the immune response.
This prevents the immune system from harming the body. Loss in
function leads to autoimmune disease where the immune system
starts to attack itself.

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 Antibody is a protein molecule
produced by lymphocytes from
advanced vertebrates like
mammals. They protect the
organisms by fastening and
eliminating foreign molecules by
activating mechanisms of the
immune system. Antigen is a
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 Antigen is a substance or part of
pathogen that stimulate production
of a specific antibody for the given
target.

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 Infections may be intracellular or
extracellular

VIRUSES- infect cells and replicate within those cells

BACTERIA AND OTHER PARASITES - replicate

intracellular and extracellular depending on the species

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 Both innate and adaptive levels of
immune response involves

1. Secreted proteins

2. Receptor – mediated signaling and

3. Intricate cell- to – cell communication

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 Unlike vertebrates, plants lack
mobile immune cells and an
adaptive immune system. Plants
mainly rely on two interconnected
tiers of the innate immune system
to perceive and respond to
pathogen infections

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 Soil-moisture regimes (SMR's) are
defined to classify a soil's ability to
supply water to plants without
irrigation

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 Thank you

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