PHYSICS

SOLUTION : PRACTICE PAPER – 3

SECTION – A

Q. 1. (i) (a) electron

(ii) (a) V < (VC  VR)
(iii) (a) nNA, m0NA
(iv) (c) high retentivity and very high coercivity
| n2  n1 |
(v) (d)
2
(vi) (b) have the same shapes as that of a positive point charge of the same magnitude
but now correspond to negative potentials
(vii) (a) inversely to the wavelength of light
(viii) (c) 1 Hz
(ix) (a) 75 Wb/s
(Solution : The rate of change of flux linkage is
  21  I1 (10  5)
M  (1.5)  15  5  75 Wb/s)
t t 0.1
(x) (d) 0.001 Pa·s
(Solution : 1 P  0.1 Pa·s   1 cP  0.01 P  0.001 Pa·s)

Q. 2. (i) When a cavity radiator is heated to high temperature, radiation coming out from
the hole resembles blackbody radiation. It is called cavity radiation. It depends
only on the temperature of the radiator.
mee4
(ii) Rydberg constant for the hydrogen atom, RH 
8ce 0h3
where me and e are the electron mass and elementary charge, c is the speed of
light in free space, e 0 is the permittivity of free space and h is the Planck constant.

The total energy of a particle of mass m performing SHM with angular

(iii) 
1
frequency  is E  m2A2
2
The maximum acceleration of the particle,
amax  2A
1
 E  mAamax    is the required expression.
2
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 1
 (iv) h  h0  KEmax  h0  V0e
h
 V0  (  0)   

e
 For V0  0,   0, i.e., the x-intercept (intercept on the frequency axis) gives

the threshold frequency.

(v) On decreasing the current through the potentiometer wire, the potential gradient
along the wire will decrease. Hence, the null point will be obtained at a greater
length.

(vi) The cyclotron frequency depends upon (i) the magnetic induction and (ii) the
specific charge (the ratio charge/mass) of the charged particles.

(vii) The tangential acceleration of the flywheel,

at    ( 0.25) (0.3)   0.075 m/s2

1  T
(viii) m     m1  2
T m2 T1
m1 
 T2  T1
 (300) m1  600 K  327 °C
m2 m1
2

SECTION – B

Q. 3. Effect of impurity on the angle of contact :

(i) The angle of contact or the surface tension of a liquid increases with dissolved
impurities like common salt. For dissolved impurities, the angle of contact (or
surface tension) increases linearly with the concentration of the dissolved materials.
(ii) It decreases with sparingly soluble substances like phenol or alcohol. A detergent
is a surfactant whose molecules have hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends; the
hydrophobic ends decrease the surface tension of water. With reduced surface
tension, the water can penetrate deep into the fibres of a cloth and remove stubborn
stains.
(iii) It decreases with insoluble surface impurities like oil, grease or dust. For example,
mercury surface contaminated with dust does not form perfect spherical droplets
till the dust is removed.
Q. 4. Consider a system consisting of some quantity of a gas enclosed in a cylinder fitted
with a movable, massless and frictionless piston.

2 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 System (gas) dx

F = PA
A

F  force exerted by the gas on the piston

A system (gas) enclosed in a cylinder with a movable piston

Gas molecules colliding with the piston impart momentum to the piston. The time rate
of change of momentum is the force F exerted by the gas on the piston. The force F
displaces the piston and the gas expands. If dx is the infinitesimal displacement of the
piston, the work done by the gas is
dW  Fdx
If A is the area of cross section of the piston, the pressure exerted by the gas is
F
p
A
Hence, the work done,
dW  PAdx  PdV
where dV  Adx is the infinitesimal increase in the volume of the gas.
Q. 5. A solenoid is a long wire wound in the form of a helix. An ideal solenoid is tightly
wound and infinitely long, i.e., its turns are closely spaced and the solenoid is very
long compared to its cross-sectional radius.
  Inside an ideal solenoid, the field lines are parallel to the axis of the solenoid and
the magnitude of the magnetic induction, B   0nI, where  0 is the permeability of
free space, n is the number of turns of wire per unit length and I is the steady current
in the solenoid.
Q. 6. The half-life of a radioactive element is defined as the average time interval during
which half of the initial number of nuclei of the element disintegrate.
Let N0 be the number of nuclei of a radioactive element present at time t  0 and N,
the number of nuclei present at time t. From the law of radioactive decay,
  N  N0et
where  is the decay constant of the element.
N0
If T1/2 is the half-life of the element, then, N  when t  T1/2
2
N0
  N0eT
2
1
  eT   2  eT   loge 2  T1/2
2
log 2 2.303 log10 2 2.303  0.3010
 T1/2  e  
  
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 3
 0.693
 T1/2 

This is the relation between the half-life and the decay constant of a radioactive element.
Q. 7.

mA
IC
T RL
RB IB B
mA VCE V
VBE VCE
E
VBE V
VBB IE
VCC
T : npn transistor; B, C, E : Base, Collector, Emitter;
VBB : Base-emitter bias, VCC : Collector-base bias,
VBE : Base potential, VCE : Collector potential,
IB : Base current, IC : Collector current, IE : Emitter current

Investigating the characteristics of an npn transistor

Q. 8. Characteristics of a parallel LC resonance circuit :
(1) Resonance occurs when inductive reactance (XL  2fL) equals capacitive reactance

(XC  ).
1
2fC
1
Resonant frequency, fr  .
2efLC
(2) Impedance is maximum.
(3) Current is minimum.
(4) The circuit rejects fr , but allows the current to flow for other frequencies. Hence,
it is called a rejector circuit.
Q. 9.

QH : Heat absorbed from hot reservoir (source)

TH
QC : Heat rejected to coolant (sink)

Isochoric
heating QH
Pressure (P)

Q
TC
Isothermal expansion

D B

Q
Isothermal compression Isochoric
cooling
QC C
VA VB Volume (V )

4 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

Q. 10. Data : r  5 m, g  9.8 m/s2
Let v be the required minimum speed at the highest point.
v  mnrg  mn5  9.8  mn49  7 m/s
Q. 11. Data : mp  1.67  10  27 kg, d  4 cm, e  1.6  10  19 C, g  9.8 m/s2
mp g
 eE  mp g   E 
e
v
For uniform field, E  , where V  potential difference between the plates
d
and d  distance between the plates.
mp g d (1.67  10  27) (9.8) (4  10  2)
 V  Ed    4.092  10  11 V
e 1.6  10  19
3 4
Q. 12. Data : vw  vg   108 m/s, nw  , c  3  108 m/s
8 3
c 3
  vw  vg   vg   108
nw 8

  108  (  )  108  ( )  108 

3  108 3 9 3 18  3
 vg 
4 8 4 8 8
3
15
  108 m/s  1.875  108 m/s
8
Q. 13. Data : N  200, L  20 mH  2  10  2 H, I  5  10  3 A
N m  LI
where  m is the magnetic flux per turn.
LI (2  10  2) (5  10  3)
 m   5  10  7 Wb per turn
N 200
Q. 14. Data : Open tube, n1  480 Hz, v  340 m/s
The frequency of the first overtone n1 in the open tube is the second harmonic. Ignoring
the end correction,

n1  2 ( )
v v

2L L
v 340
 The length of the open tube, L    0.7083 m  70.83 cm
n1 480

SECTION – C

Q. 15. Construction : A simple pn-junction solar cell consists of a p-type semiconductor

substrate backed with a metal electrode back contact. A thin n-layer (less than 2.5  m,
for silicon) is grown over the p-type substrate by doping with suitable donor impurity.

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 5

 Metal finger electrodes are prepared on top of the n-layer so that there is enough space
between the fingers for sunlight to reach the n-layer and, subsequently, the underlying
pn-junction.
Metallized finger
collector electrode
I
Sunlight
ARC
n-layer RL
Depletion layer
p-layer

Metal back contact

I : Solar cell current, RL : Load resistance,

ARC : Antireflective coating

Sectional view of a solar cell

Working : When exposed to sunlight, the absorption of incident radiation (in the
range near-UV to infrared) creates electron-hole pairs in and near the depletion layer.
  Consider light of frequency v incident on the pn-junction such that the incident
photon energy hv is greater than the band gap energy EG of the semiconductor. The
photons excite electrons from the valence band to the conduction band, leaving
vacancies or holes in the valence band, thus generating electron-hole pairs.
  The photogenerated electrons and holes move towards the n side and p side,
respectively. If no external load is connected, these photogenerated charges get collected
at the two sides of the junction and give rise to a forward photovoltage. In a closed-
circuit, a current I passes through the external load as long as the solar cell is exposed
to sunlight.
A solar cell module consists of several solar cells connected in series for a higher
voltage output. For outdoor use with higher power output, these modules are connected
in different series and parallel combinations to form a solar cell array.
Q. 16. Kelvin’s method :

G R

D
A C
lG lR

E K Rh
G : Galvanometer, R : Resistance box, AC : Uniform resistance wire,
D : Balance point, E : Cell, K : Plug key, Rh : Rheostat

Kelvin’s metre bridge circuit for the measurement of galvanometer resistance

6 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 Circuit : The metre bridge circuit for Kelvin’s method of determination of the resistance

of a galvanometer is shown in Fig. The galvanometer whose resistance G is to be
determined, is connected in one gap of the metre bridge.
A resistance box providing a variable known resistance R is connected in the other gap.
The junction B of the galvanometer and the resistance box is connected directly to a
pencil jockey. A cell of emf E, a key (K) and a rheostat (Rh) are connected across AC.
Working : Keeping a suitable resistance R in the resistance box and maximum
resistance in the rheostat, key K is closed to pass the current. The rheostat resistance
is slowly reduced such that the galvanometer shows about 2 / 3rd of the full-scale
deflection.
On tapping the jockey at end-points A and C, the galvanometer deflection should
change to opposite sides of the initial deflection. Only then will there be a point D on
the wire which is equipotential with point B. The jockey is tapped along the wire to
locate the equipotential point D when the galvanometer shows no change in deflection.
Point D is called the balance point and Kelvin’s method is an equal deflection method.
At this balanced condition,
G resistance of the wire of length LG
  
R resistance of the wire of length LR
where LG  the length of the wire opposite to the galvanometer, LR  the length of the
wire opposite to the resistance box.
If   the resistance per unit length of the wire,
G L L
    G  G
R  LR LR
LG
 GR
LR
The quantities on the right hand side are known, so that G can be calculated.
Q. 17. Consider a particle performing SHM, with amplitude A and period T  2/ starting
from the mean position towards the positive extreme position where  is the angular
frequency. Its displacement from the mean position (x), velocity (v) and acceleration
(a) at any instant are

x  A sin t  A sin ( t) ( B   )
2 2
 
T T
v   A cos t  A cos ( t)
dx 2
  
dt T
a   – 2A sin t   2A sin ( t)
dv 2
  
dt T
as the initial phase   0.
Using these expressions, the values of x, v and a at the end of every quarter of a
period, starting from t  0, are tabulated below.
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 7
 t 0 T/4 T/2 3T/4 T
t 0 /2  3/2 2
x 0 A 0 –A 0
v A 0 – A 0 A
a 0 – 2A 0 2A 0

Using the values in the table we can plot graphs of displacement, velocity and
acceleration with time.

A
Displacement, x

0
T T 3T T Time
4 2 4
–A

wA
Velocity, v

0
T T 3T T Time
4 2 4

– wA

w2A
Acceleration, a

0
T T 3T T Time
4 2 4
– w2A

Graphs of displacement, velocity and acceleration with time for a particle in

SHM starting from the mean position

Q. 18. The figure shows an AC source, generating a voltage e  e0 sin t, connected to a key
K and a pure inductor of inductance L to form a closed circuit.

i i
K e

An AC source connected to an inductor

On closing the key K, an emf is induced in the inductor as the magnetic flux linked
with it changes with time. This emf opposes the applied emf and according to the laws
of electromagnetic induction by Faraday and Lenz, we have
di
  e  L  ... (1)
dt

8 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 where e is the induced emf and i is the current through the inductor. To maintain the
current, e and e must be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
According to Kirchhoff’s voltage law, as the resistance of the inductor is assumed to
be zero, we have,
di
e  e  L   ... (2)
dt
di e e0 sin t
  
dt L L

  di  s
e0 sin t
dt
L
e0
 i cos tC
L
where C is the constant of integration. C must be time independent and have the
dimension of current. As e oscillates about zero, i also oscillates about zero and hence
there cannot be any time independent component of current.

cos t   0 sin ( t)

e0 e 
 C  0.  i
L L 2

sin (t ) 
e0 
 i ... (3)
L 2
as sin ()  sin .
e0
From Eq. (3), ipeak  i0 
L

 i  i0 sin (t )

... (4)
2
Comparison of this equation with e  e0 sin t shows that current i lags e by /2 rad.
Q. 19. Consider a string of linear density m stretched between two rigid supports a distance
L apart. Let T be the tension in the string.
  Stationary waves set up on the string are subject to two boundary conditions :
the displacement y  0 at x  0 and at x  L at all times. That is, there must be a node
at each fixed end. These conditions limit the possible modes of vibration to only a
discrete set of frequencies such that there are an integral number of loops p between
the two fixed ends.
  Since, the length of one loop (the distance between consecutive nodes) corresponds
to half a wavelength (),
L  2L
          ... (1)
p 2 p
The speed of a transverse wave on a stretched string is
v  n  efT /m
  ... (2)

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 9

 Therefore, from Eqs. (1) and (2), the allowed frequencies are given by

n  ij    (where p  1, 2, 3, ...)
p T
  ... (3)
2L m

L
l/2
(a)
N A N
Fundamental mode or first harmonic

l
(b)
N A N A N
First overtone or second harmonic

3l/2
(c)
N A N A N A N
Second overtone or third harmonic
N : Node, A : Antinode, l : Wavelength, L : Length of string

Modes of vibration of a stretched string

In the simplest mode of vibration, only one loop (p  1) is formed [Fig. (a)]. The
corresponding lowest allowed frequency, n, given by

ij 
1 T
  n  ... (4)
2L m
is called the fundamental frequency or the first harmonic. The possible modes of
vibration with frequencies higher than the fundamental are called the overtones.
  In the first overtone, two loops are formed (p  2) [Fig. (b)]. Its frequency,

ij  2n
2 T
n1 
  ... (5)
2L m
is twice the fundamental and is, therefore, the second harmonic.
  In the second overtone, three loops are formed (p  3) [Fig. (c)]. Its frequency,

ij  3n
3 T
n2 
  ... (6)
2L m
is the third harmonic.
Therefore, in general, the frequency of the pth overtone (p  1, 2, 3, ...) is
  np  (p  1)n  ... (7)
i.e., the pth overtone is the (p  1)th harmonic.
Equation (3) gives the set of discrete frequencies for the normal modes of vibration of
a stretched string. Equation (7) shows that for a stretched string all the harmonics are
present as overtones.
Q. 20. Paramagnetism depends on the presence of permanent atomic or molecular magnetic
dipole moments. The inherent net atomic magnetic moment results from a particular
combination of the spin and orbital magnetic moments of its electrons.

10 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

   The spin magnetic moments of the electrons in matter are affected by the internal
magnetic field created by the magnetic moments of surrounding electrons. This internal
field, 102 T to 101 T, causes the spin magnetic moments to precess about the
field direction. At normal temperature; the thermal motion of the electrons produces
constant fluctuations in the internal field so that the spin magnetic moments have
random directions, Fig. (a). In the absence of an external magnetizing field, therefore,
a paramagnetic material is not magnetized.

B
B

(a) (b) (c)

Magnetic dipole moments in a paramagnetic sample

(a) randomly directed in the absence of a magnetizing field
(b) partial alignment on the application of an external field
(c) aligned to saturation at very low temperature or strong field.

  When the applied field strength is greater than that of the internal field, the spin
magnetic moments tend to align parallel to the external field direction. But the
randomizing effect of thermal agitation prevents complete alignment, Fig. (b). Therefore,
at room temperature, when a paramagnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, it is
weakly magnetized in the direction of the magnetizing field.
  If the external field is very large or the temperature is very low, the magnetic dipole
moments are effectively aligned parallel to the field so as to have the least magnetic
potential energy and the magnetization reaches saturation, Fig. (c).
Q. 21. Consider an electric dipole of dipole moment lp placed in a uniform electric field lE
making an angle y with lE. The torque l  lplE tends to rotate the dipole and align
it with lE.
Suppose an external torque l ext , equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to l , is
applied to rotate the dipole through an infinitesimal angular displacement dy, always
keeping the dipole in equilibrium.

df
text
f
E

p
t

Rotating an electric dipole in an external electric field

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 11

 The work done by this torque is
   dW  ext dy  pE sin y dy
In a finite angular displacement from 0 to , the total work done on the dipole by the
external agent is


  W   dW 
 pE sin y dy
0


 pE
 sin y dy  pE [cos y]
0

0

  pE (cos cos 0) ... (1)

 pE (cos 0cos )
If the dipole was initially parallel to lE, 0  0 and cos 0  1.
 W  pE (1cos ) ... (2)
If the dipole was initially parallel to lE, its potential energy U0   pE is minimum
(more negative). If we arbitrarily assign U0  0 to the minimum of potential energy,
the potential energy for the system for an inclination  is
   U   pE cos    lp . lE
This is the required expression.
Q. 22. Data : T1  273  727  1000 K, T2  273  227  500 K, T0  273  27  300 K
dQ
(i) The rate of emission of heat,  AT4
dt

 4  ( 1)  ( )  24  16
(dQ / dt)1 T 41 T 4 1000 4

(dQ / dt)2 T 2 T2 500
dQ 
(ii) The rate of loss of heat,  A (T 4  T04)
dt
(dQ  / dt)1 T 4  T 40
  41
(dQ  / dt)2 T 2  T 40
1012  81108 (10000  81)108
 
62510  8110
8 8 544108
9919
  18.23
544
Q. 23. Data :  0  3000 Å  3  107 m,   2500 Å  2.5  107 m, c  3  108 m/s
h  6.63  1034 J ∙ s
  According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, the maximum kinetic energy of the
photoelectrons
 hv  0
 h (   0) (B   h 0)

 hc (  )
1 1

 0

12 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 (  )
(6.63  1034) (3  108) 1 1

107 2.5 3
 1.326  109 J  0.8289 eV

Q. 24. Data : From the diagram, semimajor axis, a  ( )  10  3  4  10  3 m3,

10  2
2

semiminor axis, b  ( )  105  1.25  105 Pa, N  25 cycles

4  1.5
2
The work done in one cycle  area enclosed by the closed curve
 < pdV   ab
 The work done in N  25 cycles

 N  ab  25  (4  10  3) (1.25  105)  125   102 J  12.5  kJ

N 1
Q. 25. Data :  , t  62.7 d
N0 5
N0
 5
N
233
The decay constant of 91 Pa,

2.303 N 2.303 2.303

 
 log10 0  log10 5 0.6990
t N 62.7 62.7
 2.568  102 d1
233
The mean-life of 91 Pa,
1 1
 
   38.94 d
 2.568  102
233
The half-life of 91 Pa,

T1/2  0.693   0.693  38.94  26.99 d

 
0.693 0.693
OR T1/2    26.99 d
 2.568  102
Q. 26. Data : N  300, A  0.05 m2, M  4.5 A·m2, B  0.2 T,   30°
(i) M  NIA

 The current in the coil,

M 4.5 A·m2
I
     0.3 A
NA 300(0.05 m2)
(ii) The magnitude of the torque,
 MB sin   (4.5 A·m2) (0.2 T)sin 30°
  
1
 4.5  0.2   0.45 N·m
2

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 13

 SECTION – D

Q. 27. Theorem of parallel axis : The moment of inertia of a body about an axis is equal to
the sum of (i) its moment of inertia about a parallel axis through its centre of mass
and (ii) the product of the mass of the body and the square of the distance between
the two axes.
Proof : Let ICM be the moment of inertia (MI) of a body of mass M about an axis
through its centre of mass C, and I be its MI about a parallel axis through any point
O. Let h be the distance between the two axes.
Consider an infinitesimal mass element dm of the body at a point P. It is at a perpendicular
distance CP from the rotation axis through C and a perpendicular distance OP from
the parallel axis through O. The MI of the element about the axis through C is CP2 dm.
Therefore, the MI of the body about the axis through the CM is ICM   CP2 dm.
Similarly, the MI of the body about the parallel axis through O is I   OP2 dm.

Parallel axis Axis through

the CM
P
dm

O Q
C (CM)

Body

Theorem of parallel axis

Draw PQ perpendicular to OC produced, as shown in the figure. Then, from the figure,
I   OP2 dm
 
  (OQ2 PQ2) dm
  [(OC CQ)2 PQ2] dm
  (OC2 2OC . CQ CQ2 PQ2 ) dm
  (OC2 2OC . CQ CP2) dm(R CQ2 PQ2  CP2)
  OC2 dm  2OC . CQ dm   CP2 dm
 OC2  dm  2OC  CQ dm   CP2 dm
Since, OC  h is constant and  dm  M is the mass of the body,
  I  Mh22h  CQ dmICM
14 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 Now, from the definition of centre of mass, the integral  CQ dm gives mass M times
a coordinate of the CM with respect to the origin C. Since C is itself the CM, this
coordinate is zero. So the integral is also zero.
 I  ICM  Mh2
This proves the theorem of parallel axis.
Q. 28. When an external agent produces a relative motion between a conducting loop and an
external magnetic field, a magnetic force resists the motion, requiring the applied force
to do positive work. The work done is transferred to the material of the loop as thermal
energy because of the electrical resistance of the material to the current that is induced
by the motion.
Proof : Consider a rectangular wire loop ABCD of width l, with its plane perpendicular
to a uniform magnetic field of induction lB. The loop is being pulled out of the magnetic
field at a constant speed v, as shown in Fig. (a).

Binto F2
A I B R
F1 Electron current F
L
x I
v
D I Loop C E

Region of uniform F3
magnetic field
(a) (b)

(a) A closed conducting loop pulled out of a magnetic field at a constant velocity
(b) Equivalent circuit

At any instant, let x be the length of the part of the loop in the magnetic field. As the
loop moves to the right through a distance dx  vdt in time dt, the area of the loop
inside the field changes by dA  ldx  lvdt. And, the change in the magnetic flux dm
through the loop is
dm  BdA  B l v dt
  ... (1)
Then, the time rate of change of magnetic flux is
dm B l v dt
   Blv  ... (2)
dt dt
By Faraday’s second law, the magnitude of the induced emf is
dm
  e Blv  ... (3)
dt
Due to the motion of the loop, the free electrons (charge, e) in the wire inside the field
experience Lorentz force elv lB. In the wire AD, this force moves the free electrons
from A to D, making them travel in the anticlockwise sense around the loop. Therefore,
the induced conventional current I is in the clockwise sense, as shown.

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 15

 Figure (b) shows the equivalent circuit of the loop, where the induced emf e is a
distributed emf and R is the total resistance of the loop.
e Blv
 I   ... (4)
R R
Now, a straight current-carrying conductor of length L in a magnetic field experiences
a force lF  I lLlB
whose direction can be found using Fleming’s left hand rule.
Accordingly, forces lF2 and lF3 on wires AB and CD, respectively, are equal in magnitude
(  IxB), opposite in direction and have the same line of action. Hence, they balance
each other. There is no force on the wire BC as it lies outside the field.
The force lF1 on the wire AD has magnitude F1  I l B and is directed towards the left.
To move the loop with constant velocity lv , an external force lF  lF1 must be applied.
Therefore, in magnitude,
Blv
   F  F1  I l B  · lB  ... [from (3)]
R
B2 l2 v
  ... (5)
R
Because B, l and R are constants, a force of constant magnitude F is required to move
the loop at constant speed v.
Thus, the power or the rate of doing work by the external agent is

P  lF · lv  Fv 
B2 l2 v2
   ... (6)
R
Q. 29. When a capillary tube is partially immersed in a wetting liquid, there is capillary rise
and the liquid meniscus inside the tube is concave, as shown in the figure.
Consider four points A, B, C, D, of which point A is just above the concave meniscus
inside the capillary and point B is just below it. Points C and D are just above and
below the free liquid surface outside.
Let PA, PB, PC and PD be the pressures at points A, B, C and D, respectively.
Now, PA  PC  atmospheric pressure
Capillary tube
PA ˃ PB

Air A C
B D

Liquid (wetting)

Explanation of capillary rise

16 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 The pressure is the same on both sides of the free surface of a liquid, so that
  PC  PD
 PA  PD
The pressure on the concave side of a meniscus is always greater than that on the
convex side, so that
  PA  PB
 PD  PB( PA  PD)
The excess pressure outside presses the liquid up the capillary until the pressures at B
and D (at the same horizontal level) equalize, i.e., PB becomes equal to PD. Thus, there
is a capillary rise.
Data : h  50 m,   1025 kg/m3, p0  1.013  105 Pa, g  9.8 m/s2
Absolute pressure, p  p0  hg
 p (1.013  105)  (50) (1025) (9.8)
 (1.013  105)  (5.022  105)
 6.035  105 Pa  603.5 kPa
This is the required pressure.
Q. 30. Consider n moles of an ideal gas in a container of volume V. If m is the mass of a gas
molecule and vrms is the root-mean-square speed of the gas molecules then, by the
kinetic theory, the pressure exerted by the gas is
1 Nm 2
  P  v  ... (1)
3 V rms
where N is the number of molecules of the gas; N  nNA , where NA is the Avogadro
number.
1 2 1
 PV  Nmv2rms  N ( mv2rms)  ... (2)
3 3 2
The equation of state of an ideal gas is
  PV  nRT ... (3)
2 1
 N ( mv2rms)  nRT
3 2
1 3 n 3 N/NA 3 R
 mv2rms  RT  ( ) RT  T ... (4)
2 2 N 2 N 2 NA
R
The left-hand side is the kinetic energy per molecule and  kB, the Boltzmann
NA
constant.
3
 Average KE per molecule  k T ... (5)
2 B
Therefore, the average kinetic energy per molecule of an ideal gas is directly proportional
to its absolute temperature.

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 17

 This equation is the relation between the average kinetic per molecule of a gas and the
absolute temperature which is the macroscopic parameter of the gas. The absolute
temperature of a gas is a measure of the average kinetic energy per molecule of the
gas. This result is called the kinetic interpretation of temperature, i.e., the interpretation
of temperature according to the kinetic theory of gases.
Data : L  2 m, R  10  , E  4 V, r  6 
ER
Potential gradient, k 
(R  r) L
4  10 20 5
   
(10  6)  2 16 4
103 mV
 1.25 V/m  1.25   1.25 mV/mm
103 mm
Q. 31. Consider a two-source interference pattern produced by monochromatic light waves of
intensities I1 and I2, and a constant phase difference . The resultant intensity at a
point in the pattern is
I  I1I22 efI1 . I2 . cos 
  ... (1)
If I1  I2  I0 ,
I  I0I02efI0 . I0 . cos 
 
 2I0 (1cos ) ... (2)
At a point of constructive interference with maximum intensity, cos   1.
 Imax  2I0 (1  1)  4I0 ... (3)
At point of destructive interference, with minimum intensity, cos    1.
 Imin  2I0(1  1)  0 ... (4)
Data : D  2 m, 2y1, min  3.24  10  3 m,   4.86  10  7 m
  Distance between two first minima  width of the central maximum
 WC  3.24  10  3 m
2D
WC 
a
2  D 2 (4.86  10  7) (2)
 The slit width, a    6  10  4 m  0.6 mm
WC 3.24  10  3
__________

18 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII