ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

LESSON 5 | INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM projections of melanocytes
and intraepidermal
- Simply means covering. macrophages.
- Performs a variety of functions; protection, - The Deepest layer: some
insulation, and cushion. layers are stem cells
Mechanical Damage - Bumps and Cuts BASALE (stratum germinativum), to
Chemical Damage – From acids and bases indicate the role of new
Thermal Damage – Heat and Cold forming new cells.
Ultraviolet Radiation - Sunlight
LAYERS OF THE SKIN AND FUNCTIONS

EPIDERMIS

KERATINOCYTES
- Produce Keratin, the fibrous protein that makes
the epidermis.
- A tough protective layer in a process called
keratinization.
- These are connected by desmosomes throughout
the Epidermis.

APOPTOSIS
- Programmed cell death
- Occurs in multicellular organisms.
- Used during early development to eliminate DERMIS
unwanted cells.
- “hide”.
FIVE LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS - A strong, stretchy envelope that helps to bind the
STRATUM; body together.
- (corn=horn-horny) - Made up of Connective tissues.
- Few to 50 more rows of
dead, flat keratinocytes. PAPILLARY LAYER
CORNEUM - Superficial dermal region.
- Callus; an abnormal
thickening of the strata - Dermal Papillae – uneven and has peg like
corneum. projections from its superior surface; cells that
regenerate the cycling portion of the hair follicle
- Present only on skin
and generate the hair shaft.
fingerprints, palms, and
LUCIDUM soles.
RETICULAR LAYER
- Consists of 4-6 rows of clear,
- Deepest skin layer.
flat, dead keratinocytes.
- Contains dense irregular connective tissue.
- Consists of 3-5 layers of
- Constitutes the bulk of the dermis; houses blood
GRANULOSUM flattened keratinocytes that
vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands.
are undergoing apoptosis.
- Alert the sources of heat or cold, or the tinkle of a
- Consists of 8-10 layered
SPINOSUM bug.
keratinocytes; contains
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 5 | INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE SKIN COLOR
- The amount of melanin in the
epidermis.
- Skin exposure to the sun
MELANIN stimulate melanocytes to
produce melanin pigment.
- Melanocytes produce
melanin.
- Deposited in the stratum
corneum and subcutaneous
tissue.
CAROTENE - Carotenes are orange-yellow
pigment which are found in
yellow to orange fruits and
vegetables.
- Oxygen-rich hemoglobin.
- Pigment in red blood cells.
HEMOGLOBIN
- Composed of protein called
heme which binds oxygen.
DERIVATIVES OF THE SKIN
- All exocrine glands that
release secretions at the skin
surface via ducts.
SEBACEOUS – Produce oil
CUTANEOUS substance to prevent your skin to
be dry.
SWEAT – Produce watery
substance.
- Found all over the skin; except
for the palms and soles.
- Their ducts usually empty into
a hair follicle
- Produces sebum.
ACNE – Active infection of the
sebaceous glands.
SEBACEOUS
BLACKHEADS – If the accumulated
material oxidizes and dries then
darkens.
SEBORRHEA- (cradle-cap), caused by
the over activity of the sebaceous
glands.
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SWEAT GLANDS
- Found all over the body.
ECCRINE
- Produces sweat; secretion of
GLANDS
water and some salts.
- Located in the axillary and
genital areas.
- Larger than eccrine glands
APOCRINE
- Begin to function during puberty
GLANDS
under the influence of androgens.
Androgens- Male sex hormones; capable
of
HAIR AND HAIR FOLLICLES
HAIR
- Flexible Epithelial structure
- Hair forms by division of the well-nourished
stratum Basale in the matrix (growth zone).
– The part of the hair enclosed the
ROOT
hair follicle.
- The part projecting from the
SHAFT
surface of the scalp or skin.
- The Central core where hair is
MEDULLA
made up of.
- Enclosed by an outermost cuticle
CORTEX formed by a single layer of cells
that overlap on another.
- Most Keratinized region: provides
CUTICLE strength and helps keep the inner
hair layers tightly compacted.
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 5 | INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
HAIR FOLLICLES
- Compound structures
- Inner epithelial root sheath is composed of
epithelial tissue and forms the hair.

ARRECTOR PILI
- “Raiser of hair”
- Small bands of smooth muscle
- When these muscle contract (when cold or
frightened), the hair is pulled upright “goose
bumps”.

CLINICAL INTERESTS: SKIN CANCER

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA (BCC)

- Skin cancer
- Least malignant and most common skin cancer.
- Cells of the stratum Basale altered so that they
cannot form keratin.

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

- Arises from the stratum spinosum.
- Lesions appear scaly, reddened papules (small,
round swellings)
- Grows rapidly and metastasizes to adjacent
NAIL
lymph nodes if not removed.
- Scale like modification of the epidermis

MALIGNANT MELANOMA
- Supports the hard part of
- Cancer of the melanocytes.
NAIL BED your nail as it grows; located
- Accounts for only 5% percent of skin cancer, but
below the nail plate.
often deadly.
- Outer portion of that nail
- Can begin whenever there is pigment.
NAIL PLATE unit
- Formed by layers of keratin
ABCDE RULE
- Known as the germinal
- Examine skin periodically for new moles or spots.
NAIL ROOT matrix; edge appears as a
A. Asymmetry – spot or moles do/do not match.
white crescent
B. Border Irregularity – Border of the lesion are not
- The Visible white crescent
LUNULA smooth but exhibit indentations.
base of the fingernail.
C. Color – Pigmented spots containing different
- Located along the bottom colors.
CUTICLE edge of the finger; the skin D. Diameter – The lesion is larger thar 6 millimeters
before the lunula.
in diameter (size of a pencil eraser)
- Made up of special cells; to E. Evolution – the ABCD are evolving or changing.
NAIL MATRIX make new fingernail and
toenails.
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 5 | INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
SKIN DISEASES AND OTHER INFECTIONS - Skin is red, painful,
- Itchy, red, peeling condition of the blistered.
skin between the toes - Enough epithelial
Athlete’s
- From an infection with the fungus tissues are present.
foot
Tinea pedis. - Destroyed both
Epidermis and dermis
- “furuncles” or carbuncles and often extend to the
- Boils caused by inflammation of subcutaneous tissue
hair follicles and surround tissues. (Hypodermis).
Boils THIRD – DEGREE
- Commonly located on the dorsal - Blisters are present.
neck. - Regeneration is not
possible and skin
- “Fever blisters” grafting must be done
- Small fluid-filled blisters that itch to cover these tissues.
Cold
and sting. - Full-thickness burns
Sores
- Caused by human herpes virus 1 - Extend to the bones,
infection. muscle, tissues.
- Pink, Fluid-filled, raised lesions - Require surgery and
FOURTH - DEGREE
(commonly around the mouth and skin grafting.
nose), that develops a yellow crust. - Amputation may be
Impetigo
- Caused by highly contagious required to save the
staphylococcus or streptococcus patient’s life.
infections.
- Reddened epidermal lesions RULE OF NINES
covered with dry silvery scales. - The rule of nines is to determine the estimated
- Itch, burn, crack and sometimes body surface area (BSA).
bleed. - Divides the body 11 areas, accounting for 9% of
Psoriasis - A chronic condition: an the total body surface area.
autoimmune disorder (immune
system attacks your own tissue) ADULT
- Triggered by trauma, infection, Anterior and Posterior head and neck – 9%
hormonal changes, or stress. Anterior and Posterior upper limbs – 18%
Anterior and Posterior trunk – 36%
Perinium (genital) – 1%
BURNS Anterior and Posterior lower limbs – 36%
- Tissue damage and cell death caused by intense
heat, electricity, Sunburn, or certain chemicals. INFANT
Head – 18%
- Superficial epidermis is Each arm – 9%
damaged. Anterior truck – 18%
FIRST – DEGREE
- Becomes red and Posterior trunk – 18%
swollen Entire leg – 13.5%
- Involve the injury of the
SECOND – DEGREE
epidermis.

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 5 | INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN THE

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
- 4-6 month of development,
LANUGO - A fetus is covered with this
downy type of hair
- Infants shed this hairy
cloak.
- An oily coating in the head
VERNIX
that protects the baby’s
CASEOSA
skin while it is floating in its
water-filled sac inside the
mother.
- Accumulations in the
sebaceous glands; appear
MILIA as small white spots,
located on the nose and
forehead
- Adolescence
- Skin and Hair becomes
ACNE
oilier because of activated
sebaceous glands.
- As we get older
- The Subcutaneous tissue
decreases.
SUBCUTANEOUS - Sensitive to the cold
TISSUE - Becomes drier because of
decreased oil production.
- Thinning of the skin; Hair
loses its luster as we age.

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