Francyn Loverita’s Reviewer
PSYN 102 (GENERAL ZOOLOGY) – FINALS
Lesson 6: Support, Protection, and Movement
INTEGUMENT
-outer covering of the body
-protective wrapping that includes the SKIN & ALL
STRUCTURES DERIVED FROM OR ASSOCIATED WITH
SKIN
INVERTEBRATE INTEGUMENT
*MOLLUSCAN EPIDERMIS
-delicate, soft
-contains MUCOUS GLANDS (some of which secrete the calcium
carbonate of the shell)
*EPIDERMAL CELLS
-typically columnar in shape
-can be ciliated, non-ciliated, or glandular
-external surface is composed of MICROVILLOUS LAYER (which
assists in retaining mucoid secretions in place)
*MUCUS
-mostly water
-remaining components: CHO, CHON, and LIPIDS
-functions as a SLIPPERY LUBRICANT & ADHESIVE
-vital in feeding, reproduction, and locomotion and adhesion
-also insulates the MOLLUSK from the surrounding environment
-some MOLLUSCAN MUCUS has antimicrobial properties and can
also protect against predators
-mucus has also been shown to protect from pollutants, and even
extreme cold.
*ARTHROPODS INTEGUMENTS
-provide not only protection but also skeletal support
-exoskeleton and jointed appendages suitable for attachment of
muscles
-consists of a SINGLE-LAYERED EPIDERMIS (HYPODERMIS) which
secretes a complex cuticle of 2 zones
CUTICALE ZONES:
1. PROCUTICLE
- Thicker inner zone
- Composed of PROTEIN & CHITIN
(polysaccharide) laid down in layers.
2. EPICUTICLES
- Thinner outer zone
- Lying on the EXTERNAL SURFACE ABOVE THE
PROCUTICLE
- Non-chitinous complex of proteins and lipids
that provides a protective moisture proofing
barrier to the integument.
-an arthropod cuticle may be a TOUGH BUT SOFT AND FLEXIBLE
LAYER, or it may be HARDENED by one of 2 ways:
1. CRABS AND LOBSTERS
- cuticle is stiffened by CALCIFICATION (the deposition of
calcium carbonated in the outer layers of the procuticle.
2.INSECTS
-hardening occurs via SCLEROTIZATION (the formation of a
highly resistant protein, sclerotin.
VERTEBRATE INTEGUMENT
*EPIDERMIS
- thin, outer stratified squamous layer
-simple in structure but it gives rise to most derivatives of the
integument such as HIR, FEATHERS, CLAWS & HOOVES
-cells of the BASAL PART undergo frequent mitosis (stratum
germinativum) to renew layers that lie above.
-as outer layers of cells are displaced upward by new generations
of cells beneath, an exceedingly tough, fibrous protein called
KERATIN accumulates in the interior of the cells---KERATINIZATION
—cells become cornified---resistant to abrasion and water
diffusion---forms STRATUM CORNEUM>>> DANDRUFRF, CALLUSES,
SCALES OF REPTILES, AND FOOT PADS OF MAMMALS.
*DERMIS
-dense connective tissue layer containing BLOOD VESSELS,
COLLAGENOUS FIBERS, NERVES, PIGMENT CELLS, FAT CELLS, AND
CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS (FIBROBLASTS)
-support, cushion, and nourish the epidermis, which is devoid of
blood vessels.
-other cells present in this connective tissue layer:
MACROPHAGES, MAST CELLS, AND LYMPHOCYTES---provide a first
line of defense if the outer epidermal layer is BROKEN.
DERIVATIVES OF INTEGUMENT
1.EPIDERMAL DERIAVATIVES
- these are formed by the epidermis and comprise:
A. EPIDERMAL GLANDS
B. HARD HORNY STRUCTURES including EPIDERMAL SCALES,
SCUTES, BEAKS, NORNS, CLAWS, NAILS AND HOOFS, FEATHERS
AND HAIRS, ETC. All the hard horny structures together form the
exoskeleton of an animal.
A. EPIDERMAL GLANDS
1. MUCOUS GLANDS
- They secrete SLIMY / STICKY MUCUS on coming in
contact with water
2. POISON GLANDS
- These are MULTICELLULAR CUTANEOUS GLANDS
that secretes bitter, irritating, and dangerous
substance.
- Many FISHES AND AMPHIBIANS have poison
glands.
3. LUMINESCENT GLANDS / PHOTOPHORES
- MULTICELLULAR EPIDERMAL GLANDS that serve
as light-emitting organs
- Light emitted is not intense, may be of many
hues, and serves to attract preys
4. FEMORAL GLANDS
- Found in MALE on the ventral surface of each
thigh, in a single row 12-18 femoral pores from
knee to cloacal aperture
- Their sticky secretion hardens in air to form
temporary tiny spines that serve to hold the
female during copulation
5. UROPYGIAL GLAND
- Found in BIRDS
- Forms a prominent swelling just above the tail ot
uropygium
- It is branched and alveolar and exudes an oily
secretion used for lubricating beak, preening
feathers and attracting the opposite sex during
breeding season due to odoriferous nature
 - The oil secreted by it contains pomatum which is - Continuous layer of repetitious thickenings of the
picked up by beak and used for preening and stratum corneum.
water proofing. - These scales may be shed entirely by molting or
6. SWEAT GLANDS in small flakes
- “SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS (sudor = sweat) are 2. CLAWS AND TALONS
abundant in the skin of most mammals - Curved, laterally compressed keratinized
- Slender coiled tubes embedded deep in the
projections from the tips of digit
dermis, with their long ducts opening on skin
3. HOOVES
surface
- A little urea and some salts are eliminated - Enlarged keratinized plates found on the ends of
dissolved in water in the swear produced by ungulate digits
these glands 4. NAILS
CATS & MICE - Keratinized epithelial cells are produced at the
- Soles of the feet nail base and push the existing nail forward
- They provide protection from mechanical injury
RABBITS and stabilize skin for better grasping
- Lips - Found only in PRIMATES
5. HORNS
- Tough, cornified layer of the integument covers
RUMINANT
horns
- Muzzle and skin between toes
- Their core is BONE which is of dermal origin
- Found in BOVINES (cattle, antelope, sheep, goats,
BATS bison, wildebeest)
- Sides of head - They are retained year-round and grow
throughout the animal’s lifetime
HIPPOPOTAMUS 6. BALEEN
- Ears - Found in SOME WHALES
- Is a series of keratinized plates that arise from
7.SEBACEOUS GLANDS oral epithelium
- These sheets hang from the palate along its
- Branched alveolar glands opening into hair length and act as a sieve
follicles of mammals 7. BEAKS
- They may open directly onto skin surface such as - Epidermal structures, jaws are covered by
around the genital organs, tip of nose or edges of keratinized sheaths in birds and turtles
lips 8. FEATHERS
- The oily secretion is called SEBUUM - Dry, non-living and cornified products of stratum
corneum of epidermis
CERUMINOUS GLANDS - They are light weight, but strong and waterproof
- Of external ear canals - They show colors due to the presence of
- are modified sebaceous glands
pigments
- Their way or greasy secretion called CERUMEN
- They protect the body, conserve heat and broad
surfaces of wings and tail for flight
MEIBOMIAN GLANDS 9. HAIR AND FUR
- Of eyelids - There is an initial growth of epidermal cells to
- Which spread their oily secretion over the
form their follicle, followed by an outward growth
exposed surface of eyeball, are modified
of keratinized cells to form the hair shaft.
sebaceous glands.

8. SCENT GLANDS
- These are modifications either of sebaceous or
sudoriferous glands of mammals
- Their odorous secretions serve to repel foes or
attract members of opposite sex 2.DERMAL DERIVATIVE
9. MAMMARY GLANDS FISH SCALES
- Characteristics of mammals, these are compound -In fishes, scales forms the EXOSKELETON
tubular glands that produce milk during lactation -Scales can provide good camouflage through reflection and color
period for feeding the young ones. -The shape of a scale can be utilized to determine a fish’s species

B. EPIDERMAL DERIVATIVES – THE HARD STRUCTURES

1. EPIDERMAL SCALES
 - FUNCTIONS OF ENDOSKELETON: 1) Supports the
weight of a large animal without limiting the
space for internal organs, 2) Offers protection to
vital internal organs, but it is protected by the soft
tissues around it, 3) The vertebrate endoskeleton
DIVERSITY OF SKELETONS is also jointed, allowing for COMPLEX
SKELETONS MOVEMENT such as swimming, jumping, flying,
- Serve as a support system for animals and running.
- Provides RIGIDITY, PROTECTION, AND SURFACES
for muscle attachment

HYDROSTATIC SKELETON
- Cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, and annelids
- Greek: hydrias, water, and stasis, standing
- A fluid-filled gastrovascular cavity or a fluid-filled
coelom
- Support and resist the contraction of
muscle>>>mobility
- An animal with a hydrostatic skeleton CAN
CHANGE SHAPE and perform a VARIETY OF
MOVEMENTS
- Example: Earthworms are segmented and have
septa that divide the coelom into compartments.
Each segment has its own set of longitudinal and
circular muscles and its own nerve supply, so
each segment or group of segments may function
independently. When circular muscles contract,
segments become thinner and elongate. When
longitudinal muscles contract, the segments
become thicker and shorten. By alternating
circular muscle contraction and longitudinal
muscle contraction and by using its setae to hold
its position during contactions, the animal moves
forward.
EXOSKELETON (external skeleton)
- Mollusks and arthropods
- MOLLUSKS – a thick and nonmobile calcium
carbonate shell. Function: Protection against the
environment and predators
- ARTHROPODS: composed of CHITIN (strong
flexible nitrogenous polysaccharide)
- The exoskeleton of mollusks and arthropods
protects and supports these animals and provides
a location for muscle attachment
- Strength can be IMPROVED by increasing its
thickness and weight, but this leaves less room
for internal organs.
- The jointed and movable appendages of
arthropods protect them from wear and tear,
predators, and desiccation. These allow them to
FLEXIBLE MOVEMENT.
- Arthropods MOLT to get rid if an old exoskeleton.
ENDOSKELETON (internal skeleton)
- Sponges, echinoderms, and vertebrates
- ECHINODERMS – consists of spicules and plates of
calcium carbonate embedded in the living tissue
of the body wall.
- VERTEBRATE ENDOSKELETON is living tissue
- SHARKS AND RAYS have skeletons composed only
of cartilage
- BONY FISHES, AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS AND
MAMMALS have endoskeletons composed of
bone and cartilage
- An endoskeleton grows with the animal. NO
MOLTING is required