Integumentary system
-consists of the skin and accessory
structures, such as hair, glands, and nails.
-sa skin Makita if dehydrated or pale ang
tao
Functions:
 Protects underlying tissues and
organs
 Excretes salts, water, and organic
wastes (glands)
 Maintains body temperature
(insulation and evaporation)
 Production of melanin
 Production of keratin
 Synthesizes vitamin D
 Stores lipids
 Detects touch, pressure, pain, and
temperature
SKIN
-made up of two major tissue layers: the
epidermis and the dermis.
EPIDERMIS
-epi means “upon” above the dermis and
made of stratified squamous epithelial
tissue
- avascular means there is no blood vessels
and the cells are jumpacked
- superficial layer of skin.
CELLS FOUND IN THE EPIDERMIS:
Keratinocytes- contain large amounts of
keratin
-the most abundant cells in the epidermis
Merkel cells (found in stratum basale)
-found in hairless skin
-respond to touch (trigger nervous system)
Melanocytes- pigment that affords the skin
some protection against ultraviolet
radiation
-responsible for the color of the skin
Langerhans cells- active in immune
response. Found in stratum spinosum
Dimple Lexiry R. Gloria, RN, MD (huhu puhon Lord)
Dermis
-composed of dense collagenous
connective tissue containing fibroblasts,
adipocytes, and macrophages.
-located between epidermis and
subcutaneous layer
-Provides nutrients to the epidermis
-cells are scattered around
-vascular meaning there is blood vessel
-has extracellular membrane which
composed of collagen and elastic fibers
Collagen Fibers- responsible for
structural strength
Cleavage lines- more resistant to stretch
Dermal Papillae- upper projection,
nagform ng fingerprints and footprints
2 components:
 outer papillary layer- consists of
areolar tissue
 deep reticular layer- consists of
dense irregular connective tissue
Subcutaneous layer- has few capillaries
and no vital organs
-is the site of subcutaneous injections
using hypodermic needles
-made up of adipose tissue
SKIN COLOR
- protects us from UV rays and harmful
chemicals
-Factors that determine skin color
include pigments in the skin, blood
circulating through the skin, and the
thickness of the stratum corneum.
Melanin- group of pigments primarily
responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.
-the more melanin we have the darker
we are
Carotene- yellow pigment found in
plants such as squash and carrots.
Exposure to ultraviolet light—for
example, in sunlight— stimulates
melanocytes to increase
melanin production. The result is a
suntan.
 Eccrine sweat glands- are simple, coiled,
tubular glands and release sweat by
merocrine secretion.
- widely distributed on body
surface especially on palms and
soles
- function for thermal regulation
LAYERS OF THE SKIN
1. STRATUM BASALE/ GERMINATIVUM
-“germinative layer” cell division & growth
happens
- an integument contains rapidly dividing
keratinocytes
-is attached to basement membrane by
hemidesmosomes
-deepest layer of the skin
- Forms epidermal ridges that extend down
towards the dermis (cause of fingerprints)
Hemidesmosomes- protein connector that
connects the cells of epithelial tissue
Basement membrane- naghihiwalay sa
epidermis
Dermal papillae- increase the surface area of
the basal membrane
Fingerprints- came from the epidermal ridges
Thick skin- are found in the palms of our
hands, and the soles of our feet
2. STRATUM SPINOSUM- “spiny layer”
- Cells are alive in this layer
- Contain Langerhans cells, active in immune
response
3. STRATUM GRANULOSUM- “grainy layer” -
-- promotes dehydration of skin
Keratin- a tough fibrous protein that makes up
hair, nails, skin. (protein that fills the
outermost dead cells of the epidermis)
Keratohyalin- dense granules that promote
dehydration of cells.
4. STRATUM LUCIDUM- found only in the
thick skin such as in the palm of the hands and
soles of the foot.
5. STRATUM CORNEUM- Consist of 25-30 of
dead cells completely filled with keratin.
- most superficial layer of the integument
Dimple Lexiry R. Gloria, RN, MD (huhu puhon Lord)
Although many genes are responsible for
skin color, a single mutation can prevent
the production of melanin and cause
albinism.
Carotene- lipid-soluble; when consumed, it
accumulates in the lipids of the stratum
corneum
- If large amounts of carotene are
consumed, the skin can become
quite yellowish.
The color of blood in the dermis contributes
to skin color.
A decrease in blood flow, as occurs in
shock, can make the skin appear pale.
A decrease in the blood O2 content
produces a bluish color of the skin, called
cyanosis.
Subcutaneous tissue
-store lipids such as glycerides
-function as padding and insulation
-It is loose connective tissue, including
adipose tissue that contains about half the
body’s stored lipids.
Hair
A hair has a hard cortex, which surrounds a
softer center, the medulla.
-produced in the hair bulb
Hair follicle- found in the dermis
Hair shaft- protrudes above the surface of
the skin
Eyelashes- grow for 30 days and rest for
105 days
Hair- grows 3 years and rest for 2 years
Arrector Pili Muscles- goosebumps
stimulated when we are scared
Sebaceous Gland- connected by a duct
Secrete sebum
SEBUM-Contains lipids and other
ingredients (nagka oily hair)
Lubricates and protects the epidermis
Inhibits bacteria
SKELETAL SYSTEM
- provides support, and protection
- 20%- s206 separate bones plus
associated cartilages, tendons, and
ligaments
- Supports the body and maintains its
shape
- 80% of the body is made up of soft
tissues, organs, and muscles
- Provides points of attachment either
directly or indirectly for the body’s
organs and most skeletal muscles
- Provides necessary framework that
allows humans to stand up right
Vertebral column- protects the spinal cord
Ribcage- provides protection to the heart and
lungs
Pelvis- protects the digestive system and
reproductive organs
Cranial- protects the brain
FUNCTION OF SKELETAL SYSTEM:
1. Blood cell reproduction- bone marrow
(network of soft connective material
that fills cavities within bones. Plays an
specially critical role in this process
- At birth, all bone marrow is red. But as
we age, about the half of the body’s
bone marrow turns to yellow marrow
which composed of fat cells.
- The fat cells contain in the yellow bone
marrow function as the last source of
chemical energy that can be consumed
by the body in the event of extreme
hunger.
Bone marrow- produces blood cells a process
known HEMATOPOIESIS
Hematopoieses- begins with the most basic
blood cell which is the stem cell or pluripotent
hematopoietic or PHSC
- Describe the entire process of blood cell
development from PHSC to
differentiation to a mature blood cell
3 M PRODUCTS OF THIS PROCESS:
1. Mature white blood cells- provide the
body with protection against infection
Dimple Lexiry R. Gloria, RN, MD (huhu puhon Lord)
2. Mature red blood cells- carry oxygen to
the cells and tissues
3. Platelets- help control bleeding
following injury
Pluripotent hematopoietic/PHSC- have the
ability to either divide and create other PHSC
- Commit to one of the several
differentiation/specialization pathways
which eventually result in the
production of a specific type of blood
cells
Note: the body need more 100 billion new
blood cells everyday
 In the event of severe blood loss, the
body can actually convert some of the
yellow bone marrow back to red
marrow to increase blood cell
production.
Skeletal Muscles- provide storage of essential
minerals like phosphorus and calcium
- Contains more calcium than any organs
Endocrine System- releases hormones that
initiated the process of taking calcium from
bone and releasing it into the blood stream
Osteoporosis- a serious condition characterize
by low bone mass and deterioration of bone
tissue leading to bone fragility and increase
susceptibility to fractures
STRUCTURE OF BONE
Bone- ultimate bio material, light, strong,
capable of adapting to diverse functional
demands
Spongy bone- provides resiliency, while the
minerals that surrounded including calcium and
phosphorus provides strength
Cortical bone- found primarily in the shaft of
long bones like the femur or tibia
- Consist of closely packed osteons which
are the fundamental function units of
most compact bones
Osteons- roughly cylindrical structures typically
several meters long
- Referred to haversion systems
Osteonic canal- layer of connective tissue called are long; examples are the bones of the wrist
endosteum which contains nerve fibers and and
blood vessels ankle.
Volkmann’s canal- connect the blood supply Flat bones have a relatively thin, flattened
and nerves to PERIOSTEUM which covers the shape; examples are bones of the skull and
surface of bone sternum.
Lacunae- mature bone cells called OSTEOCYTES Irregular bones include the vertebrae and facial
Canaliculi- joined together by narrow canal in bones, which have shapes that do not fit readily
order to facilitate distribution of nutrients and into the other three categories.
the elimination of wastes
Lamellae- surrounding the haversion canal Skeletal Muscles- abundant muscle tissue
- Known as bone matrix, a combination comprising about 40 of the body’s weight
of calcified intercellular ingredients
- These ingredients include organic
matter which is collagen fibers. And
inorganic matter which is
hydroxyapatite which consist of crystals
of calcium phosphate
Trabecular Bone- cancellous or spongy bone
- Does not contain osteons

3 TYPES OF CELLS FOUND IN THE BONE:

1. Osteoclasts- large cells that dissolved
bone by hollowing out a channel in the
bone a process called RESORPTION
2. Osteoblasts- layers of bone forming
cells laying down new bone along the
sides of the channel
3. Osteocytes- came from osteoblasts,
sends pressures or cracks on the bone
and to help direct where osteoblasts
will carry out the process of resorption.

Ossification- process of laying down new bone

Intramembranous Ossification- initiated by
mesenchymal stem cells which are cells that
have yet to be differentiated into a particular
cell type

2 HORMONES THAT MAINTAIN THE PROPER

CALCIUM BALANCE:
1. Calcitonin
2. Parathyroid hormone- play a great role
in calcium homeostasis

Long bones are longer than they are wide;

examples are upper and lower limb bones.
Short bones are approximately as wide as they

Dimple Lexiry R. Gloria, RN, MD (huhu puhon Lord)

Dimple Lexiry R. Gloria, RN, MD (huhu puhon Lord)