ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: LESSON 5
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Integumentary system – consists of the Skin and
accessory structures such as hair, glands and nails.
Integument – covering;
5 major functions of integumentary systems:
1.Protection – skin protect our tissue from
mechanical damage.
Keratin – toughens the cells; has fat cells to
caution blows; protects from microbes and
chemical damage.
Skin has acidic secretions that prevent foreign
substances from entering our body.
2.Sensation – has sensory receptors that can
detect heat, cold, touch, pressure and pain.
3.Vitamin D production – with sunlight exposure
the skin will produce a molecule that can be
converted into vitamin D.
4.Temperature regulation – heat loss; can be
done via sweat glands by allowing the blood to
rush to the skin’s blood vessels.
Heat retention; by not allowing blood to flush to
the skin’s capillaries deeper blood vessels
5.Excretions – waste products are excreted
through sweat or perspiration.
SKIN – largest organ of the body; made up of 2
layers
Outer epidermis – most superficial layer of skin
and dermis -a layer of dense connective
tissue.
Interstitial fluid – fluid outside the cell
Hypodermis – subcutaneous tissue; made up of
fat; it anchors the skin to the underlying tissues
and provides sight for nutrient exchange. Since it
made up of fat also serves as shock absorber and
heat insulator.
Epidermis – superficial layer of the skin; stratified
squamous epithelium. In charge of preventing
water loss and resists abrasion
Epidermis has diff. type of cells:
1.Keratinocytes – produces keratin (a fibrous
protein that makes the epidermis a tough
protective layer)
Keratinization – process wherein cells become
filled up with keratin
New cells – located at the deepest layer.
2.Melanocytes – forms melanin.
Melanin – group of pigments primarily
responsible for the color of skin, hair and eyes.
Also provides protection against the UV light
3.Langerhans cells – dendritic cells; part of the
immune system. In charge of finding markers on
bacteria or other invaders. Presents them to other
immune system cells for recognition and
destruction; cells from bone marrow and will
migrate to the epidermis.
4.MERKEL CELLS – at the epidermal dermal
junctions associated in sensory nerve endings and
sensory receptors called Merkel discs.
Layers / strata of epidermis.
1.Stratum CORNEUM – outermost layer also
known as HORNY LAYER consist of dead
squamous cells filled w/keratin.
2.stratum LUCIDEUM – keratinocytes present in
this layer are flat; closely packed and clear.
KNOWN AS CLEAR LAYER; absent in thin skin
but present in thick skin
3.Stratum GRANULOSUM – granular layer; layer
where keratin process begins
4.Stratum SPINOSUM- has spiny appearance
(white); cells in this layer are rich in RNA thus
equipped for protein synthesis.
5.Stratum BASALE- Mitosis every 19 days;
cuboidal/columnar; closest one to the dermis they
are adequately nourished cells
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: LESSON 5
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Thin skin – covers the majority of our body
Thick skin – covers palms of our hand, soles of the feet
Dandruff – excessive flaking off hitting layer from
the scalp
Callus – thickened area produces.
Corn – thickened cranium over bony prominence
DERMIS – thicker and deeper layer of the skin;
also known as corium; called true skin since the
important structures and functions are present in
dermis. Composed of dense collagenous
connective tissue w/fibroblasts, adipocytes, and
macrophages.
Found in dermis: nerves, hair follicles, smooth
muscles, glands and lymphatic vessels.
2 LAYERS OF DERMIS:
1.PAPILLARY LAYER –(dermal papillae)
upper; has projections called dermal papillae
(contain blood vessels, remove waste products and
body temperature regulation) forms ridges (foot
and fingerprints) to help improve grip and
increase friction.
2.RETICULAR LAYER – forms most of the
dermis.
DERMIS contains collagen and elastic fibers
Consist of many collagen fibers arrange in the
same direction and produce CLEAVAGE
LINES/TENSION LINES of skin.
Tension lines are important to surgeons to cut
incisions made across the line will likely to form a
gap/scar.
Incision made parallel to cleavage lines results to
less gapping, faster healing and less scar tissue.
If the skin is stretch beyond normal and dermis
gets damage lines called STRETCHMARKS
could be seen.
SKIN COLOR – dependent on several factor
(pigments in our skin, blood circulating around the
skin, thickness of the stratum corneum)
1.Melanocytes – deep part of the epidermis,
irregularly shaped cells. The one who can only
produce melanin.
Melanosomes – vesicles derived from GA where
melanin is produced.
Production of melanin is based on different
factors; genetics, light exposure and hormones.
There are regions in the body where there are
large amounts of melanin such as freckles/ moles,
and darkened areas such as genitalia and nipples
Albinism - Condition where there is deficiency or
absence of melanin; people have fair skin, white
hair and unpigmented irises of the eyes.
Carotene – yellow pigment found in squash and
carrots (when ingested it become a source of vit.
A) and when consumed w/ large amounts the skin
can become quite yellowish.
Redness/erythema – high blood, hypertension,
allergy
Pallor/ blanching – the person could be under
emotional stress, low blood pressure, anemia,
impaired blood flow to the area.
Jaundice- abnormal yellow skin color; signifies
excess bile in the body.
Cyanosis – bluish color of skin; signifies that the
area has decreased oxygen, usually seen in lips
and tips of our fingers.
Accessory skin structure
- Includes the hair, glands and nails.
Hair – crowning glory, new hair is found
everywhere except on the palms, soles, lips,
nipples, parts of genitalia and ends of the fingers
and toes.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: LESSON 5
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Each hair arises from HAIR FOLLICLE – an
extension of epidermis.
Hair shaft – the one that can be seen above the
skin surface
Hair root & hair bulb can be found below the
surface of the skin
Hair bulb- where the hair is produced, rest on the
hair papilla that has blood vessels to supply the
bone w/ nourishment to produce hair.
Medulla – central core of the hair that is
surrounded by the cortex (and covered by the
cuticle)
Cuticle – hold and cover the hair in the hair
follicle
Hair follicle – the one responsible for the repair of
the surface epidermis.
Hair grows in cycles wherein the GROWTH
STAGES AND REST STAGES IS PRESENT
duration varies depending on the individual hair.
Eyelashes – grows for about 30 days, and rest for
105 days.
Scalp hair – grows for 3 years and rest for 1-2
years
Common type of baldness occurs when the 2
requirements are met the GENE SUFFER
BALDNESS (inherited) AND MALE SEX
HORMONE TESTOSTERONE.
Hair follicle are slightly slanted
Arrector Pilli – small smooth muscles, connects
each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue.
The muscles contract the hair is pulled upright
goosebumps.
Glands
2 major glands of the skin sebaceous glands (oil
glands) and sudoriferous glands (sweat gland)
Sebaceous gland – oil glands; produces sebum
(oily white substance rich in lipids) released via
holocrine secretion it is in charge of lubricating
the hair and skin. To prevent drying up and serves
as protection against bacteria.
When sebaceous glands ducts are blocked by the
sebum:
Acne will appear – active infection of the
sebaceous glands.
Black head – accumulated material is oxidized
that will dry up and darken
White head – does not dry or darken.
SWEAT GLANDS / SUDORIFEROUS
GLANDS 2 TYPES:
ECCRINE – naturally sweat via merocrine
secretion; far numerous and found all over the
body (numerous in the palms and sole). Produces
sweat that is primarily WATER (W/SOME
SALTS, VIT. C AND METABOLLIC WASTES)
Sweat pore – duct that opens externally
When body temperature is higher than normal
more sweat is released so that the body will cool
down
Glands are important for body temperature
regulation
APOCRINE – secretions are thick and rich in
organic substances also secreted via merocrine
secretion; largely confined to the axillary (armpit)
and areas of genitalia; secretions are usually
odorless but when there are bacteria present in the
area it can result to unpleasant odor. (Activated
during puberty, pain, stress, and sexual arousal)
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: LESSON 5
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Apocrine gland plays a minimal role in
temperature regulation.
NAILS
- Scale like modification of the
epidermis; consist of dead layers of
stratum corneum cells that contain a
very hard type of keratin
Nail body – visible part of the nail
Free edge – part that needs to be cut
Nail roots -area covered by the skin
Nail folds - Borders of the nails overlapped by
layers of skin
Cuticle/ eponychium – at the edge of the proximal
nail fold; stratum cranium extension into the nail
body
Stratum basalin – extends beneath the nails as the
NAIL BED that has a thickened proximal area
called nail matrix
NAIL MATRIX (second proximal area);
responsible for nail growth
Lunula – small part of the nail matrix; white
crescent shaped structure at the base of the nail.
NAILS GROW CONTINUOUSLY IT HAS NO
RESTING STAGE
CONDITIONS CONCERNING THE
SYSTEM
BURNS – injuries to the tissues caused by heat,
cold, friction, chemical, electricity or radiation.
Electrical burns might have an ICEBERG
PHENOMENON (describe a situation in which a
large percentage of a problem is subclinical,
unreported, or otherwise hidden from view.)
Burns are classified according to the death of the
injury (how deep and how many layers are
damaged).
Partial thickness burns:
1st degree burn – involves only the epidermis; area
is red and painful. There is also EDEMA/SLIGHT
SWELLING; ex. sunburns
2nd degree burn – involves both the epidermis and
part of dermis; there is redness, pain, edema and
blisters. BUT if the burn is deep into the dermis
the wound will appear to be (red, tan and white).
Full thickness – 3rd degree burns involve the
epidermis and dermis completely destroyed this
type of burn are usually painless (appear white,
tan, brown, black or deep cherry red) usually it
can have SKIN GRAFT from another body of the
patient. AMPUTATIONS can also be needed to
make a cut-off the affected area
Sticky second-degree burns are painful since the
sensory receptors have already been damaged
SKIN CANCER – most common type of cancer
3 main types:
Basal cell carcinoma – most common type;
malignancy starts at stratum Basale and will
extend into the dermis; most often appears on the
nose and face.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: LESSON 5
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Squamous cell carcinoma – develops from cell
immediately superficial to the Basale; typically
results in a nodular keratinized tumor confined in
the epidermis.
Malignant melanoma – rare form of skin cancer;
arises from melanocytes; most deadly of all skin
cancers; highest incidence is found in older
individuals w/ light skin, eyes and hair to have
poor ability to tan (previously suffered to
sunburns).
AGING
WARNING SIGNS OF MELANOMA (ABCD
-AS the body ages the skin is easily damaged and
RULES)
slower repair
Asymmetry
-decreased amount of collagen and elastin that’s
Border – IRREGULAR why there are wrinkles present
Color – UNEVEN AND HAS MIXTURES OF Skin begins to sag; also, has decrease in the
COLORS activity of sweat glands and decrease in oil gland
activity the reason why the skin becomes drier;
Diameter – LARGER THAN 6 MM
age spots are also showing
DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
Ringworm – fungal infection of the skin
Eczema and dermatitis – inflammatory conditions
caused by allergy
Psoriasis – chronic skin disease characterized by
thicker than normal stratum corneum and silvery
scales.
Bacterial infections – impetigo; small blisters that
has pus and has a yellowish crust usually in
children
Bed sores/pressure sores - develop in people who
are bedridden / confined to a wheelchair.
Viral infections such as German measles and
rubeola measles, chicken pox, shingles, cold sores.