Integumentary— system consist of the skin and accessory structures, such as hair, glands

and nails. The integumentary system protects us from the external environment. Other
functions include sensation, vitamin D production, temperature regulation, and excretion of
small amounts of waste products.
For major function of integumentary system
1. Protection- skin provides protection against abrasion and ultraviolet light.
2. Sensation- the integumentary system has sensory receptors that can detect heat, cold,
touch, pressure, and pain
3. Vitamins D production- exposed to ultraviolet light, the skin produces a molecule that
can be transformed into vitamin D.
4. Temperature regulation- amount of blood flow beneath the skin’s surface.
5. Excretion- small amounts of waste products are lost through the skin and in glands
secretions.
SKIN
Made up of two major tissue layers- EPIDERMIS and DERMIS.
EPIDERMIS- The most superficial layer of skin.
- Is stratified squamous epithelium, deeper layers of new cells are produced by mitosis.
- During movement cells change shape and chemical composition a chemical
composition, process called keratinization.
- This keratinization reflects the facts that the cells become filled with the protein
keratin, which makes them more rigid and durable. The transformation of stratum
basale cells into stratum corneum cells.
Used to divide the EPIDERMIS into layers called STRATA.
1. Stratum basale- Consist of cuboidal or columnar cells that undergo mitotic divisions
about every 19 days.
2. Stratum spinosum- Flattened appearance and accumulate lipid-filled vesicles called
LAMELLAR BODIES.
3. Stratum granulosum- Flat diamond shape. Cells accumulate more keratin and release
the contents of lamellar bodies to the extracellular space.
4. Stratum lucidum- Thin, clear zone between the stratum granulosum and stratum
corneum. Cells of this stratum no longer have or organelles and as a result, the stain
more lightly. Skin classified as THICK SKIN found in areas such as palms of the hands, the
soles, and the fingertips. THIN SKIN lacks of the stratum lucidum and covers the rest of
the body.
5. Stratum corneum- Is the most superficial stratum of the epidermis. Consist of DEAD
SQUAMOS CELLS filled with KERATIN. Corneum cells from the surface of the scalp called
 DANDRUFF. Corneum greatly increases producing a thickened area called a CALLUS. Can
thicken to form a cone-shaped structure called a CORN.

DERMIS- Which is layer of dense and connective tissue. Also, layer of connective tissue but its
not part of the skin. Containing fibroblasts, adipocytes and macrophages. Nerves, Hair Follicles,
smooth muscles, glands, and lymphatic vessels extend into the dermis.
Collagen and elastic fibers are responsible for the strength of the dermis. This produces
CLEAVAGE LINES, or tension lines, in the skin because it’s the most resistant to stretch this line
called STRETCH MARKS. For examples form on skin in abdomen and breast of female during
pregnancy or skin of athletes when quickly increase the muscle sizes.
Upper part of dermis called DERMAL PAPILLAE it contains many blood vessels which supplies
the overlying epidermis with nutrients, removes waste products and helps regulate body
temperature.
You can see the dermal papillae in the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet and the tips of
the digits are arranged in parallel, curving ridges that shape the overlying epidermis into
pattern called FRICTION RIDGES.
Intradermal injection- delivers material to the blood slowly and is administered by drawing the
skin taut.
Subcutaneous injection- archived by pinching the skin to form a tent then insert needle.
Intramuscular injection- delivers material to the blood faster than intradermal or subcutaneous
injections.

SKIN COLOR
- Pigments in the skin
- Blood circulating
- The thickness of the stratum corneum
Melanin- is the group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.
- Provides protection against ultraviolet light from the sun.
- Melanin is produced by MELONOCYTES. which is responsible for different skin colors.
Melanin production is determined genetically but can be modified by exposure to
ultraviolet light and by hormones.
- MELONOCYTES – Irregularly shaped cells located between the stratum basale and stratum
spinosum.
Large amount of melanin can cause freckles or moles in some area regions of skin, as well as
darken areas in genitalia the nipples.
Albinism- recessive genetic trait that causes a deficiency or an absence of melanin, resulting fair
white skin, white hair, and pigmented irises in the eyes.
Cyanosis- Decreased in the blood O2 content produces a bluish color of the skin. Increased
blood flow produces a red skin color, whereas decreased blood flow causes a pale skin color.
Carotene- Yellow pigment is found in plants such as squash and carrots. Plant pigment ingested
as a source of vitamin A.

SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
- Just house rests on a foundation, the skin rest on hypodermis.
- The subcutaneous tissue, which is not part of the skin, is loose connective tissue that
attaches the skin to underlying tissues.
Subcutaneous can be used to estimate total fats body . Females have higher total body fats
than average of 21% to 30%. Males is 13% to 25%.

HAIR - Found everywhere on the Skin, except on the palms, the soles, the lips, the nipples,
parts of the genitalia and distal segments of the fingers and toes.
Hair Follicle- an invagination of the epidermis that extends deep into the dermis.
Hairs are columns of dead, keratinized epithelial cells. Each hair consists of a shaft (above the
skin), a root (below the skin), and a hair bulb (site of hair cell formation).
A hair has a hard cortex, which surrounds a softer center, the Medulla.
Cortex is covered by the Cuticle - a single layer of overlapping cells that holds the hair in the
hair follicle.
Hair papilla is an extension of the dermis that protrudes into the hair bulb.
When the next growth stage begins, a new hair is formed and the old hair falls out.
Eyelashes grow for about 30 days and rest for 105 days, whereas Scalp hairs grow for 3 years
and rest for 1-2 years. The loss of hair normally means that the hair is being replaced because
the old hair falls out.
Associated with each hair follicle are smooth muscle cells called the Arrector pili.
Glands
The major glands of the skin are the sebaceous glands and the sweat glands.
Sebaceous glands are simple, branched acinar glands.
Sebum- an oily white substance rich in lipids. The sebum is released by holocrine secretion.
Contraction of the arrector pili, which are smooth muscles, causes hair to "stand on end" and
produces a "goose bump."

Two kinds of sweat glands

1. Eccrine sweat glands- are simple, coiled, tubular glands and release sweat by merocrine
secretion.
2. Apocrine sweat glands- are simple, coiled, tubular glands that produce a thick secretion
rich in organic substances.

Nail- is a thin plate, consisting of layers of dead stratum corneum cells that contain a very hard type of
keratin.

The visible part of the nail is the nail body, and the part of the nail covered by skin is the nail root.

Cuticle, or Eponychium- is stratum corneum that extends onto the nail body.
The nail root extends distally from the Nail matrix.

The nail also attaches to the underlying nail bed, which is located distal to the nail matrix.

PROTECTION- The skin reduces water loss, prevents the entry of microorganisms, and
provides protection against abrasion and ultraviolet light; hair and nails also perform
protective functions.
The integumentary system performs many protective functions.
1. The intact skin plays an important role in reducing water loss because its lipids act as a
barrier to the diffusion of water from the deeper tissues of the body to the surface of
the epidermis.
2. The skin acts as a barrier that prevents microorganisms and other foreign substances
from entering the body. Secretions from skin glands also produce an environment
unsuitable for some microorganisms.
3. The stratified squamous epithelium of the skin protects underlying structures against
abrasion.
 4. Melanin absorbs ultraviolet light and protects underlying structures from its damaging
effects.
5. Hair provides protection in several ways: The hair on the head acts as a heat insulator,
eyebrows keep sweat out of the eyes, eyelashes protect the eyes from foreign objects,
and hair in the nose and ears prevents the entry of dust and other materials.
6. The nails protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage.

SENSATION
Many sensory receptors are associated with the skin. Receptors in the epidermis and dermis
can detect pain, heat, cold, and pressure.

Vitamin D Production
1. Ultraviolet light stimulates the production of a precursor molecule in the skin that is modified
by the liver and kidneys into vitamin D.
2. Vitamin D increases calcium uptake in the small intestine.

Temperature Regulation
Body temperature normally is maintained at about 37°C (98.6°F). Recall from chapter I that
homeostatic control mechanisms maintain a relatively constant internal environment, including
body temperature. If the skin temperature drops below about 15°C (59°F), dermal blood vessels
dilate.

Excretion
Excretion- the removal of waste products from the body.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM AS A DIAGNOSTIC AID

Cyanosis, a bluish color to the skin caused by decreased blood 0.
A yellowish skin color, called Jaundice - when the liver is damaged by a disease, such as viral
hepatitis.
Burn- is injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.
partial-thickness burns, part of the stratum basale remains viable, and regeneration of the
epidermis occurs from within the burn area, as well as from the edges of the burn.
First-degree burns involve only the epidermis and are red and painful. Slight or swelling, may
be present.
Second-degree burns damage both the epidermis and the dermis. Healing takes about 2 weeks,
and no scarring results.
Full-thickness burns, or third-degree burns, the epidermis and the dermis are completely destroyed,
and recovery occurs

Venous thrombosis the development of a clot in a vein, is another complication of burns.

Fourth-degree burns are extremely severe burns that affect tis sues deeper than the subcutaneous
tissue.