IN TEGUM EN TARY

SYSTEM
Rodriguez, Cyan Clarisse R.
Lauigan, Edelyn
Vuelta, Kathrine
Del Rosario, Alysa
Agudes, Elvie
Ramirez, Mark Rannie

Subject Teacher: Ma’am Genifer B. Pataray

11 - Mendeleev
 CONTENT

1
Function of the
4
Accessory skin
Integumentary structure
System

2
The Skin
5
Disorders of the
Skin

3
The
6
Effects of Aging
Subcutaneous in
Tissue Integumentary
System
 Introduction
Integumentary system is the largest body system. This system includes the
 Skin – the primary organ
 Accessory Structures
• Hair
• Nails
• Sweat Glands
• Sebaceous Glands

The integumentary system protects against many threats such as infection,

desiccation, abrasion, chemical assault, and radiation damage.
Functions
Following are the major functions of the integumentary system:

1. PROTECTION
The skin is the covering of the body. Though exposed to the
external environment, the skin’s structure reduces the negative
and harmful effects of ultraviolet light. The skin also keeps
microorganisms from entering the body and reduces water loss
from the body, preventing dehydration.
Functions
2. SENSATION
The integumentary system has sensory receptors that can detect
heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain
Functions
3. TEMPERATURE REGULATION
The skin plays a major role in regulating
body temperature through the modulation
of blood flow through the skin and the
activity of sweat glands.

4. VITAMIN D PRODUCTION
When exposed to ultraviolet light, the
skin produces a molecule that can be
transformed into vitamin D, an important
regulator of bone formation.
Functions
6. EXCRETION
Perspiration consists of dissolved waste material from the
breakdown of chemicals during cellular processes. When you
perspire (sweat) the body eliminates waste. Examples of wastes
eliminated are ammonia, urea, salts, and sugars. Below are beads
of sweat on the skin with waste.
The Skin The skin has two distinct layers:
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
Sometimes a third layer is included called the
Subcutaneous layer or Hypodermis

The Epidermis is further subdivided into different

layers (called Strata) which include he ff:
1. Stratum Basale
2. Stratum Spinosum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum Lucidum
5. Stratum Corneum

The Dermis is also further subdivided into two

different layers which include he ff:
6. Papillary Layer
7. Retricular Layer
The Skin
The Skin
The Skin
• Thick and Thin Skin
Skin is classified as thick or thin based on the structure of the epidermis.

 Thick skin has all five epithelial strata, and the stratum corneum has
many layers of cells. Thick skin is found in areas subject to pressure or
friction, such as the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, and the
fingertips.

 Thin skin covers the rest of the body and is more flexible than thick
skin. Each of its strata contains fewer layers of cells than are found in
thick skin; the stratum granulosum frequently consists of only one or
two layers of cells, and the stratum lucidum is generally absent. Hair is
found only in thin skin.
The Skin
• Thick and Thin Skin
 Callus – an area in skin subjected to friction or pressure, that often
forms when the stratum corneum of the epidermis increases in
thickness. The increased number of cell layers provides added
protection in the area that experiences more mechanical stress.
 Corn - the skin over bony prominences that develop a cone-shaped
structure.
The Skin
• Skin Color
 Melanin - is the group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair, and
eye color.
 Melanin also provides protection against ultraviolet light from the sun.
 Large amounts of melanin are found in certain regions of the skin, such
as freckles, moles, the nipples, the areolae of the breasts, the axillae,
and the genitalia

 Melanocytes – irregularly shaped cells that are responsible for producing

melanin

 Melanosomes – vesicles that contain the melanin

The Subcutaneous Tissue
 The subcutaneous tissue attaches the skin to underlying bone and
muscle and supplies the skin with blood vessels and nerves
 It consists of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers
 The main types of cells within the subcutaneous tissue are fibroblasts,
adipocytes, and macrophages
 The subcutaneous tissue, which is not part of the skin, is sometimes
called the hypodermis.  Majority of the body’s stored lipids or fats are are found in the
subcutaneous layer
 The thicker the fold, the greater the amount of total body fat
 The amount of adipose tissue in the subcutaneous tissue is
also responsible for some of the differences in body shape
between individuals
 Accessory Skin Structure

The skin has different appendages which include the ff:

 Hair
 Nails
 Sweat Glands
 Sebaceous Gland
 Accessory Skin Structure
HAIR
The hair has different structures which include the ff:
 Shaft - which protrudes above the surface of the skin
 Root - located below the surface
 Hair Bulb – expanded part if the root
 Accessory Skin Structure
HAIR
The Shaft is also divided into three parts:
 The cortex surrounds the medulla and forms the bulk of the
hair. The cells of the cortex contain hard Keratin
 cortex is covered by the cuticle a single layer of cells also
containing hard keratin
 Accessory Skin Structure
HAIR
 Hair follicle is a tubelike invagination of the epidermis that extends
into the dermis
 Dermal Root Sheath is the portion of the dermis that surrounds
the epithelial root sheath.
 Errector Pilli Muscle
they pull the follicle into
a more perpendicular
position, causing the
hair to “stand on end.”
producing the goose
bumps
 Accessory Skin Structure
NAIL
 The nail is a thin plate consisting of layers of dead stratum
corneum cells that contain a very hard type of keratin
 Nails are located on the distal ends of the digits (fingers and toes)
 Structures of the nail include:
 Nail root
 Nail Body
 Nail Groove
 Cuticle (eponychium)
 Hyponychium
 Nail matrix
 Nail Bed
 Lunula
 Free Edge



Nail Body
Lunula
 Accessory Skin Structure
NAIL



Nail Body
Lunula
 Accessory Skin Structure
GLANDS
 The two major glands of the skin are the:
 Sweat Glands
 Sebaceous gland


 Lunula

 Nail Body
 Accessory Skin Structure
GLANDS
Sebaceous Glands
 Sebaceous glands produce sebum an oily, white substance rich
in lipids. Most sebaceous glands are connected by a duct to the
upper part of the hair follicles, from which the sebum oils the hair
and the skin surface. The secretion of sebum onto the hair and
surrounding skin prevents drying and protects against some
bacteria.



Nail Body
Lunula
 Accessory Skin Structure
GLANDS
Sweat Glands
 Sweat glands occur all over the body, but are most numerous on
the forehead, the armpits, the palms and the soles of the feet.
Sweat is mainly water, but it also contains some salts. Its main
function is to control body temperature.

Other Glands:

•Ceruminous glands: These are the glands in your ear that secrete
ear wax.

•Mammary glands: These are the glands on a person’s chest. In

people assigned female at birth (AFAB), mammary glands produce
milk after giving birth.
Disorders of the Skin
Your integumentary system is unique because
most health conditions associated with it are
visible. Unlike your internal organs, health
conditions of your skin, hair and nails are
typically external — meaning you and your
healthcare provider can see them.
Disorders of the Skin
Effects of Aging on Skin
As the body ages, the skin is more easily damaged
because the epidermis thins and the amount of collagen
in the dermis decreases. Skin infections are more likely,
and skin repair occurs more slowly. A decrease in the
number of elastic fibers in the dermis and a loss of
adipose tissue from the subcutaneous tissue cause the
skin to sag and wrinkle.
Effects of Aging on Skin
The skin also becomes drier with age as sebaceous gland activity decreases.
Decreases in the activity of sweat glands and the blood supply to the dermis
result in a reduced ability to regulate body temperature
Skin that is exposed to sunlight appears to age more rapidly than
nonexposed skin. This effect is observed on areas of the body that receive sun
exposure, such as the face and hands
 That would be all.
Thank you for listening!

Do you have
any questions?