

The Integumentary System The only stratum of the epidermis with

cells that actively grow and divide to
(ANATOMY OF THE SKIN, HAIR, AND NAILS) produce new epidermis.
 It dips into the dermis of the skin to
A. SKIN form the hair follicle
 Stratum spinosum and the stratum
 Body’s largest organ
granulosum – are superficial to the
 15 % of the body’s totals weight
stratum basale.
 It consists of two layers:
o Epidermis
2. Stratum lucidum
o Dermis  Found only in thick skin
2 LAYERS
3. Stratum corneum
1. Epidermis  Most superficial stratum
 Skin most superficial layer  It may have as many as 20 layers of
cells.
 Composed of stratified squamous epithelial
tissue  Composed of tough, waterproof dead
cells that eventually flake off
2. Dermis (exfoliate).
 The human body sheds thousands of the
 Deep to the epidermis
dead stratum corneum cells every day.
 Composed of loose/areolar connective
tissue over dense irregular connective tissue.
 Cutaneous glands, the hair follicles, and
Cells of the Epidermis
most of the skin’s nerve endings can be
found in the dermis. 1. Keratinocytes
— Begin in the stratum basale and make up
Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer
the majority of the epidermal cells
 Deep to the dermis — Purpose: to grow and divide
 This layer attaches the skin to the rest of the — As they dicide, they push the older cells
body toward the surface.
 Composed of adipose connective tissue — It produce and fill themselves with
 Serve as insulating layer, a cushioning layer, keratin (a hard waterproof protein) as
and an energy source. they move toward the surface
 This layer is generally thicker in women — Cornification - the keratinocytes have
than in men. completey filled with keratin and died as
the time they reach the stratum cornuem
— These cells form a very durable stratum
EPIDERMIS corneum at the surface

 Superficial layer of the skin

 Subdivided into four or five general layers called 2. Melanocytes
strata — Produce skin pigments called melanin
— These cells stay in the stratum basale, but
they have projections to more superficial
layers.
The Four Strata — Melanosomes – melanocyte extensions
that contain melanin-filled vesicle
1. Stratum basale — Denser patches of these cells account
 Contains a single layer of cuboidal cells for freckles and moles
3. Tactile Cells
 —Serve as receptors for fine touch only o are associated with a hair follicle
—They are associated with nerve cells in surrounding the hair root
the underlying dermis o Sebum – a very oily, lipid-rich
4. Dendritic Cells substance, is produced by the
— Immune system cells found in the sebaceous gland to moisturize the
stratum spinosum and the stratum skin
granulosum o Hormone estrogen and
— Alert the body’s immune system to the testosterone increase the amount
invasion of pathogens that could make it of sebum produced
through the stratum corneum o Comedo – white head or black
head
DERMIS
2. Sweat glands
 “true skin” o *nasa book*
 Blood vessels, fibers, nerve endings, hair 5. Hair follicles
follicles and cutaneous glands are found in the — the stratum basale dips down to form hair
dermis follicles in the thin skin’s dermis
1. Papillae — positioned at an angle in the dermis with a
— Superficial edge of the dermis has dermal papilla at its base.
bumps called papillae — the dermal papilla has a blood vessel,
— Direct contact with the epidermis which feeds the keratinocytes and
— Arranged in random pattern over most melanocytes contained in the hair follicles
of the body — Keratinocytes – produce the hair
— Form individual-specific patterns of — Melanocytes – produce the hair pigment
ridges on the palmar and plantar — Active keratinocytes form the hair matrix
surfaces just above the dermal papilla.
— this unique arrangement creates — Dermal Papilla – hair’s growth center
fingerprints — arrector pili muscle – this smooth muscle
2. Fibers attaches the hair follicle’s base to the
— Fibroblast – produce two types of epidermis at an angle.
protein fibers: collagen and elastin
HAIR
 Collagen – give the skin strength
 Elastin – provide elasticity Three types of Hair:
— The number of fibers increases with
1. Lanugo
depth in the dermis.
 very fine and unpigmented
3. Nerve Endings
 forms on a fetus during the last 3 months
— serve as receptors
of its development
— these receptors include
 usually replace by birth
 warm receptors
2. Vellus
 cold receptors
 unpigmented and very fine
 pain receptors
 replaces lanugo hair around the time of
 pressure receptor birth
4. Cutaneous Glands
 ex. body hair on most women and
— are considered exocrine glands
children
— are located throughout the dermis 3. Terminal
— produce and secrete products that are  thick, coarse, and heavily pigmented
delivered to the appropriate location  forms the eyebrows, eyelashes, and hair
through ducts. on the scalp
— 2 types: Sebaceous glands and sweat
 At puberty, forms in the axillary and
glands pubic regions
1. Sebaceous glands
  forms on face and possibly on the trunk
and limbs of men
Three sections of all types of human hair
 Bulb – thickening of the hair at the end of hair
follicle
 Root – extends from the bulb to the skin’s
surface
 Shaft – section of the hair extending out form
the skin’s surface
Cross section of a hair shows three layers:
 Inner medulla – composed of soft keratin
 Middle cortex – composed of hard keratin
 outer cuticle – appear as interlocking scaly
plates of dead keratinocytes
* The direction of cuticle plates resists the follicle’s
cells, so the hair cannot be easily pulled from the
follicle.
*The hair texture depends on the shaft’s cross-sectional
shape.
 Straight hair – round shaft
 Wavy hair – oval shaft
 Curly hair – flatter shaft
* Rate of growth within the follicle matter too
 Skin-covered nail root
 visible nail plate
o make up from the edge of the nail and
the nail body
 Nail body – lies over the nail bed
 Nail bed – appears pink because of the dermis
numerous blood
 The skin rises to form a nail fold over the nail’s
lateral edge
 Nail fits into a nail groove
 Eponychium or cuticle – at the proximal edge
of the nail body, is composed of stratum
corneum cells extending onto the nail bed.
 Nail matrix (nails growth center) – root of the
nail is composed of active keratinocytes in the
stratum basale
 Lunule or lunule
o white crescent
o may be visible under the nail especially
on the thumbs
o where the nail matrix is thick enough to
hide the blood vessels of the dermis
deep to it

 Straight hair grows evenly within the follicle

 wavy and curly hair may grow alternately faster
on one side of the follicle
*Hair color depends on the amount and type of melanin
produced by the hair follicle’s melanocytes

 Gray to white hair – lack of melanin in the hair’s

cortex and from the possible presence of air in
the medulla
 Black – eumelanin
 Blond – Pheomelanin
*Hair has a life cycle

 Growing stage – half inch per month and last for

approximately 3 years
 Resting stage – 1 to 2 year and then it falls out
 Dying stage

NAILS
Structure of the nail