HAPP CHAPTER 5

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
TEACHER: DR. JENNIFER ASHLEY REYES
SKIN FACTS
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM -weighs 9 lbs.

-What does integument mean? -average person 300 million skin cells

-covering -16 % of the body weight thus used to determine

body fat
-Components:
-2 main regions of the skin: epidermis and dermis
-skin
-hair
-nails
-glands
-Functions:
1. Protection:
Water loss, microbes, UV light
2. Sensation:
Hot, cold, pain, pressure
3. Temperature regulation:
EPIDERMIS
Helps maintain homeostasis
-1st major skin region (outside)
4. Excretion:
-composed of stratified squamous epithelium
Removes waste
-keratinization:
5. Vitamin D production:
-process in which new cells (with keratin)
UV light stimulates production
push old cells to surface
-40-56 days for new cells to reach surface
-if there is keratin, it is more rigid and
durable
-lacks blood vessels

STRATA OF EPIDERMIS
-Stratum corneum:
-outermost layer of epidermis
-20-30 layers of dead squamous cells filled
with keratin
SKIN -accounts for 75% of epidermal thickness
-dandruff is this layer off scalp
-Callus:
-forms when stratum corneum has frequent
friction
- Stratum basale:
-deepest layer of epidermis
-single layer of cells
-firmly attached to dermis
HAPP CHAPTER 5
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
TEACHER: DR. JENNIFER ASHLEY REYES
-pattern is genetically determined
-Reticular layer
-deepest layer of dermis
-accounts for 80% of dermis

DERMIS
-2nd major skin region
-dense connective tissue
-Contains collagen and elastic fibers HYPODERMIS
-contains fibroblasts, nerve endings, smooth -below dermis
muscle, glands, blood vessels, and hair follicles
-foundation of skin
-Cleavage lines:
-attaches skin to underlying muscle and
-area where skin is most resistant to bone
stretching
-contains loose and adipose tissue
-due to orientation of collagen fibers
-contains ½ of body’s fat
-important in scarring
-body fat for females 20-23%, males 13-
25%

SKIN COLOR AND VARIATIONS

-Determined by:
-pigments
-genetics
-blood circulation
-thickness of stratum corneum
-Melanocytes of darker skinned people produce
more and darker melanin than fairer skinned people
LAYERS OF DERMIS *Melanocytes produce melanin and melanin
-Papillary layer: is a pigment that produces a brown or black
coloration
-thin connective tissue layer that contains
blood vessels -All races have same number of melanocytes

-Dermal papillae: *Racial variation in skin color, they are

determined by the amount, kind, and
-projections that extend up into distribution of melanin
epidermis
*single mutation of genes can prevent
-remove waste and help regulate number of melanin
body temp.
*Melatonin a hormone responsible for
-ridged on hands and feet sleep-wake cycle.
(fingerprints)
*Phone disrupts the melatonin
HAPP CHAPTER 5
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
TEACHER: DR. JENNIFER ASHLEY REYES
SKIN COLOR AND DISEASE
SKIN PIGMENTS -Redness:
-Melanin Fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergies
-produced by melanocytes -Pallor:
-ranges from yellow to reddish-brown to Anemia or low blood pressure
black
-Jaundice:
-responsible for hair and eye color
Liver disorder (yellow)
-provides protection against UV light
-Bronzing:
-amount produced determined by genetics,
Addison’s disease (kidney disease)
UV light, hormones
-Bruising:
-freckles are accumulation of melanin
Broken blood vessels
-albinism is absence of melanin

HAIR

-Carotene:
-yellow-orange pigment found in plants
-accumulates in stratum corneum
-example: squash (good source of vitamin
Hair components:
A)
-Hemoglobin: -Hair/shaft:

-gives pinkish-red color Flexible strands of keratinized cells

-found in red blood cells -Root:

Below skin (scalp)
-Hair bulb
TANNING AND SUNBURNS
-Base of root
-Exposure to UV light stimulates melanocytes to
increase production of melanin -Where hair is produced
-Melanin builds up to help protect skin against UV -Hair follicle
radiation (tan)
-group of cells that surround root and
-A sunburn is the skin reacting to UV exposure
bulb
-UV light causes elastic fibers to clump and
-Gives hair different shapes
become leathery
-UV light can alter DNA in cells causing them to
mutate (cancer)
HAPP CHAPTER 5
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
TEACHER: DR. JENNIFER ASHLEY REYES

HOW IS HAIR PRODUCED?

-Hair is produced in hair bulb
-Hair bulb rests on blood vessels to supply it with
nutrients
-hair grows longer as cells are added to base of
hair bulb

HAIR FACTS
-Testosterone and good nutrition promote hair
growth
-Growth occurs in cycles: active and resting
-Scalp hair grows for 3 years and rests for 1 year
NAILS
-Eyelashes grow for 3 years and rests for 1 year
-Eyelashes grow for 30 days and rest for 105 days
-We lose about 90 scalp hairs/day
-Grey hair is the loss or fading of melanin
-Male pattern baldness is from the loss of hair
follicle

HAIR MUSCLES
-Arrector Pili:
-smooth muscle that surrounds each hair
follicle
-Thin plate with layers of dead stratum corneum
-contracts and hair strands on end (goose
cells with hard keratin
bumps)
Nail structure:

GLANDS -Nail body

-Sebaceous glands: Visual part

-connected to hair follicle -Nail root

-sebum: oily substance that lubricates hair Covered by skin

and skin to prevent drying
-Cuticle
Types of sweat glands:
Stratum corneum that extends into nail
-Eccrine sweat glands body
-all over body and open into sweat pores -Nail matrix
-water and salt secretion -continuation of nail root
-Apocrine sweat glands
-gives rises to most of nail
-open into hair follicle
-Nail bed
-only in armpits and genitalia
Attaches to nail and is distal to nail
-thick, rich secretions matrix
-become active during puberty and cause
body odor
HAPP CHAPTER 5
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
TEACHER: DR. JENNIFER ASHLEY REYES
CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS
-Lunula -1ST degree:
-part of nail matrix -damages only epidermis

-whitish, crescent shaped area -redness, slight swelling, pain

-base of nail -heals within 2-3 days (usually no scar)

-includes sunburns or exposure to cold
-2nd degree:
-damages epidermis and upper dermis
-redness, swelling, pain, blisters
-heals in 2 weeks with some scarring
-3rd degree:
-destroys epidermis and dermis
VITAMIN D PRODUCTION
-burned areas are cherry red to black
1. UV light causes skin to produce a precursor
-nerve endings are destroyed
molecule of vitamin D
-skin graft might be necessary
2. Precursor is carried by blood to liver where it
is modified
3. Next to kidneys where it is modified again to
form active vitamin D
-Vitamin D can also be ingested through
fish oils, fortified milk, eggs, and butter.
-Vitamin D stimulates intestine to absorb
calcium and phosphate (bone growth
and muscle function).

TEMPERATURE REGULATION
-Body temperature should be 98.6 oF (37oC)
-Rate of chemical reactions (metabolism) is altered SKIN CANCER
by changes in temperature
-Most common cancer
-Too cool body:
-mainly caused by UV light exposure
Blood vessels in dermis dilate and heat is
transferred from deep in tissues to skin and -fair-skinned people more prone
sweat is produced -prevented by limiting sun exposure and using
-Too heat body: sunscreens

Blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow -UVA rays cause tan and is associated with
to skin and heat is retained malignant melanomas
-UVB rays cause sunburns
AGING AND THE INTEGUMENT
-Sunscreens should block UVA and UVB rays
-Blood flow decreases and skin become thinner
due to decreased amounts of collagen TYPES OF SKIN CANCER
-Decreased activity of sebaceous and sweat glands -Basal cell carcinoma:
make temperature regulation more difficult
-cells in stratum basale affected
-Loss if elastic fibers cause skin to sag and wrinkle
-cancer removed by surgery
HAPP CHAPTER 5
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
TEACHER: DR. JENNIFER ASHLEY REYES

-Squamous cell carcinoma:

-cells above stratum basale affected
-can cause death
-Malignant melanoma
-arises from melanocytes in a mole
-rare type
-can cause death
HAPP CHAPTER 5
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
TEACHER: DR. JENNIFER ASHLEY REYES