RIZAL 100: LIFE, WORKS, AND WRITING RIZAL | LECTURE
RIZAL AND HIS CHILDHOOD YEARS IN CALAMBA
MIDTERMS | S.Y 2022 – 2023
PROF. JEAN C. CARREON
OUTLINE
I. Calamba at the Time of Rizal’s Birth
II. Additional Information
III. Birth of Young Jose
IV. Rizal’s Ancestry
V. Rizal’s Immediate Family
VI. Childhood Days and Memories
VII. The Story of the Moth and the Flame
VIII. Early Demonstration of Inborn Talent
IX. The First Taste of Injustice
X. Preparations for Formal Schooling
I. CALAMBA AT THE TIME OF RIZAL’S BIRTH
● Calamba is known as an enchanted town
(palma, 1949)
● Situated as if enclosed in a valley, between
Laguna Del bay and Mt. Makiling.
● Panoramic with its landscape, as if nature has
lavished this town with all its tenderest caress
● It was an agricultural town at the time of
Rizal's birth.
● It Was virtually owned by the friars.
● Became a prosperous town because of its
specialization of sugar production.
● Life was filled with hardships on the part of the
people who were just tenants in the Dominican
hacienda.
● However, Life there was far better than in the
other towns in laguna during that time.
● Nature has been good to the calambeños.
● With this fertile soil and favourable climate, the
people were able to raise and harvest different
crops.
● The picturesque beauty provided the young rizal
inspiration and springboard to hone his poetic
and art abilities.
● The misfortunes suffered by the tenants from
the hands of the guardia civil and the
dominican friars, had ingrained in his young
mind hatred of oppression and exploitation of
the weak by the strong.
II. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
● Tio Manuel - Encouraged RIzal to indulge in
horse riding, fencing, and other sports.
● Tio Gregorio - A book lover, he intensified RIzal
his voracious reading of good books.
● Tio Jose Alberto - A traveler, he had travelled in
Europe that inspired Rizal to develop his artistic
ability.
● AID OF DIVINE PROVIDENCE
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○ Greater than heredity and environment
in the fate of man is the aid of Divine
Providence
○ A person may have everything in life -
brains, wealth, and power - but, without
the aid of Divine Providence, he cannot
attain greatness in the annals of the
nation.
○ Rizal was providentially destined to be
pride and glory of his nation. God has
endowed him with the versatile gifts of a
genius, the vibrant of a nationalist, and
the heart to sacrifice for a noble cause.
III. BIRTH OF THE YOUNG JOSE
● Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo
Realonda was born on June 19, 1861 (Zaide &
Zaide, 1999)
● his mother nearly died during his delivery owing
his very big head
○ During the delivery of Doña Teadora she
encountered a problem because rizal
was born with a big head and during that
time it is not normal that a baby will be
born with a big head.
○ An indicator of having a big head means
you are intelligent.
● Three days after his birth, Rizal was baptized by
Fr. Rufino Collantes at the Calamba Catholic
Church, with Fr. Pedro Casañas, as his
godfather
● Rizal was the seventh child in the family of 11
children of Don Francisco and DoñaTeodora.
● The children of the Rizal family in their birth order
were as follows: (9 girls and 2 boys)
1. Saturnina (1850)
2. Paciano (1851)
3. Narcisa (1852)
4. Olimpia (1855)
5. Lucia (1857)
6. Maria (1859)
7. Jose (1861)
8. Concepcion (1862)
9. Josefa (1865)
10. Trinidad (1868) and
11. Soledad (1870)
IV. RIZAL’S ANCESTRY
● Rizal came from a mixture of races.
● His great grandfather from his father side was a
Chinese Merchant named Domingo Lamco
 ○ He married a wealthy Chinese mestiza,
Ines dela Rosa.
○ In 1849, Domingo Lamco assumed the
surname Mercado in keeping the
gubernatorial decree of Narciso
Claveria on the use of Spanish
surnames in the Philippines by all
Spanish subjects In Colony and to free
themselves and their children from
the prejudices associated with a
Chinese surname (Craig, 1913).
○ So from Lamco it was change to
Mercado
○ From the Parian in Manila, the couple
moved to Biñan, ending up as tenants
in the Dominican hacienda. The
couple had a son named Juan Mercado
● Rizal’s grandfather from his father's side was
Juan Mercado who married a Chinese-Filipino
mestiza, Cirila Alejandro.
○ Juan Mercado became a
gobernadorcillo of Biñan.
○ Juan and Cirila had 14 children, one of
whom was Rizal’s father, Don
Francisco.
➢ Paramihan talaga ng anak before,
mostly sa mga Filipinos before are
farmers so the more marami ang mga
anak the more maraming tutulong sayo
sa sakahan
● Rizal’s great grandfather on his mother’s side
was Manuel de Quintos, a Chinese mestizo
from Lingayen, Pangasinan (Romeroet al, 1978)
○ Manuel married Regina Ursua, a
woman with Japanese ancestry
○ One of there daughters, Brigida married
Lorenzo Alberto Alonso. The couple
had five children.One of them was
Teodora, who became Rizal’s mother
V. RIZAL’S IMMEDIATE FAMILY
● Rizal was reared in a typical middle class
family in the 19th century Philippines (Capino et
al, 1977)
● He lived a life of comfort and affluence,
considering that his family belonged to the
principalia class or ruling elite of his town
(Guerrero,1998).
● The affluence of Rizal’s family can clearly be
gleaned from following:
○ the family’s predilection for studies;
○ its stone house of adobe and
hardwood;
○ ownership of carriage and horses
■ the symbols of wealth and
respectability during those
times;
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○ home library with numerous volumes of
books;
○ presence of personal servants taking
care of the needs of the children, and
private tutoring of children in the family
● So this will prove that the family of Rizal belongs
to the principalia class because not all filipinos
have this possessions. So that means
nakakaangat talaga ang family ni Rizal during
that time
● The family ’s thriving business in rice and sugar
and its ability to send their children for education
in Manila further indicate their socio-economic
status in Calamba.
● Rizal’s father, Don Francisco Mercado, was an
educated man.
● His father took courses in Latin and Philosophy
in Colegio de San Jose in Manila.
● Rizal described him a model father owing to
his honesty, frugality and industry.
● Rizal inherited a profound feeling of dignity,
self-respect, serenity and poise and
seriousness (De Ocampo, 1960)
● Doña Teodora was an educated woman. She
completed her education at the Colegio de
Santa Rosa, a prestigious college for girls in
Manila then.
● Rizal described her as a disciplinarian, a
woman more than average education, a
woman of culture and religion, a sacrificing
and industrious housewife.
● From his mother, Rizal learned the values of
warmth and virtue. He also inherited a
practical temperament, stoicism, self-
sacrifice, temperament of a dreamer and
fondness for poetry. (Villa Abrille, 1969)
VI. CHILDHOOD DAYS AND MEMORIES
● Owing to happy and comfortable life Rizal had,
he had good memories of his childhood days
in Calamba.
● He could not forget the times when the family
stayed in the garden to exchange stories.
● He always treasured the care demonstrated to
him by his parents due to his poor health. It
was in this garden where he experienced
closeness to nature.
● Another is experience that he was not able to
forget was the daily family prayer during
Angelus, where all the members of his family
gather and pray together.
● Even the times when his personal servant
narrated to him legends and fairy tales at the
azotea, after the Angelus, was something Rizal
treasured.
 ● These imaginary tales narrated to Rizal by his
personal servant aroused in him an enduring
interest in legends and folklores (Zaide, 1999)
● He grew up a pious Catholic owing to the training
provided him by his mother. At three years old,
he learned how to pray and even read the
Bible.
● This training he had at home was strengthened
by his frequent visit to Fr. Leoncio Lopez, the
parish priest of Calamba, who made the young
Rizal the need to develop a sound philosophy
of life. It was also from him that Rizal learned
the value of scholarship and intellectual
honesty.
● At the age of four, Rizal experienced his first
sorrow. This was when his younger sister
Concepcion, whom he fondly called Concha,
died. It was the first time he cried as a young
boy, since it was from her that Rizal learned the
importance of sisterly love.
○ One-year age gap lang si Rizal &
Concha
● As a young boy, he spent many hours down the
shore of Laguna de Bay, thinking of what was
beyond, dreaming of what might be over on
the other side of the waves (Craig, 1918).
● He even witnessed everyday acts of violence
and excesses committed against the
Calambeños by the Guardia Civil and the
Gobernadorcillo.
● As his young age, he was always asking himself
if these incidents in Calamba were also
happening in the lands across the Laguna de
Bay.
● From the usual activity of Rizal, it can be noted
that he was a good observer, noting every
detail of what he actually saw.
○ Reason why Rizal had an impact on
shaping his political and Social ideas.
by (Guardia Civil and Gobernadorcillo)
VII. THE STORY OF THE MOTH AND THE FLAME
● One of the stories Rizal never forgot, narrated to
him by his mother was the fable entitled “The
Moth and the Flame” (Jose Rizal Centennial
Commission, 1961)
● This story left a deep impression on Rizal. For
Rizal the moth died a victim of its illusion in
search for the light. Nevertheless, he came to
realize the sweetness of dying in search for the
light. This story can be considered as Rizal’s
biography.
● Just like the moth that died a victim of its
illusion, Rizal died a martyr in search of the
lights of truth, freedom and justice.
● From the story, Rizal came to realize that one
has to sacrifice and to suffer the
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consequence of one’s action for the
attainment of a goal.
○ The story of a young moth can also be
compared to the life of Rizal
VIII. EARLY DEMONSTRATION OF INBORN TALENT
● As a young boy, there were indications that Rizal
was intellectually gifted (De Ocampo, 1960)
● He was able to master the alphabet when he
was three years old. At a very young age, he
showed great interest in reading. He enjoyed
reading the books in their library at home, with
Doña Teodora, as his reading teacher and
critic.
● The young Rizal also showed his knack in
sketching, painting, sculpture and literature.
According to Romero (1978), the panoramic
beauty of Calamba, and Rizal’s admiration of his
mother led him to hone his skills in art forms.
● Owing to the constant prodding by Doña Teodora
for Rizal through verses, Rizal was able to write
his first poem, when he was eight years old.
This poem was entitled Sa Aking Kabata or To
My Fellow Children (Laubach, 1936)
● The above poem clearly reveals that Rizal, even
during his tender years had a concept of
nationalism. Here, he associated love for the
native language bestowed by God with the
desire for freedom, which according to him was
on mortgage
● As a young boy, he was already aware that his
people had a language of their own, This
language, just like other languages, had its own
alphabet and system writing, which according to
Rizal disappeared because they were swallowed
up by tidal waves.
● We can see a young lad describing his native
language or Tagalog as comparable to Latin,
English and Spanish
● Young Jose calling on his fellow children to love
their native tongue.
○ “Ang hindi magmahal sa sariling wika,
ay higit pa sa malansang isda”
○ We really have to love our native
language saan man tayo pumunta kahit
sa ibang bansa, ipagmalaki natin na
meron tayong native language.
IX. THE FIRST TASTE OF INJUSTICE
● As a young boy Rizal witnessed how his town
mates were tortured, treated rudely and
brutally by the Spanish officials and the
Guardia Civil. In fact, he spent a lot of time
thinking way why the people had to suffer such
brutality and unfair treatment.
● An incident, which opened his eyes to the
injustice of the regime, was the arrest and
incarceration of his mother in 1871 due to
 alleged complicity in the attempted murder of his
uncle’s unfaithful wife
● This happened right after the arrival of his uncle,
Jose Alberto from Europe. Upon arriving at
Biñan, his uncle discovered the infidelity of
his wife and decided to divorce her. Being a
devout Catholic and to avoid public scandal,
Doña Teodora advised and convinced his
brother to forgive his wife and forget what
happened and start anew
● Jose Alberto was persuaded and the family
break up was averted. Nonetheless, Jose
Alberto’s wife conspired with the Spanish
Lieutenant of the Guardia Civil by filing a suit
against Doña Teodora for attempting to
poison her
○ Tinulungan pa siya na patawarin ni Jose
Alberto but in the end, siya pa ang
nagmukhang masama
● Doña Teodora was arrested and made to walk
a distance of 50 km from Calamba to Santa
Cruz, the capital of Laguna.
○ Napakasama talaga ng wife ni Jose
Alberto
○ The first injustice that was experienced
by the family of Rizal particularly Doña
Teodora
○ Their family experience brutality,
injustice, and unfair treatment from the
Guardia Civil
● She was jailed for almost two and one-half
years. Attempts were made by Rizal’s family to
absolve her from the case, to the point of
pleading at the Royal Audiencia. She was freed
later by Gov. General Rafael de Izquierdo as a
result of the request of the young Soledad,
whose graceful dancing charmed the
governor-general and his guests
○ The family of Rizal plead to the Supreme
Court but nothing happened
● This incident was something that Rizal never
forgot. The injustice suffered by her mother
created in him hatred of the Spanish Regime.
Moreover, Rizal lost confidence in friendship
and developed mistrust of his fellowmen. This
was because the men who arrested Doña
Teodora were frequent visitors in their home
● An incident that greatly influenced Rizal’s goal
and life work was the martyrdom of
Gomburza (Capino, 1977)
● Rizal was then 11 years when his older brother
Paciano narrated to him the injustice suffered
by the three Filipino priests for crusading for
justice in the parochial administration in the
Philippines, particularly the struggle waged by
Father Jose Burgos, his (Paciano) teacher at
Colegio de San Jose
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● This particular event was something that Rizal
remembered as a young boy and inspired him
to redeem the oppressed Filipinos
● If it were not for the unjust execution of the three
priests, Rizal would have been a member if the
Society of Jesuits in the Philippines
● The influence of the aforementioned event in his
dedication of the El Filibusterismo to the
memory of Gomburza
○ Rizal dedicated his second novel as
inspiration to redeem the oppressed
Filipinos against the Spanish tyranny
X. PREPARATIONS FOR FORMAL SCHOOLING
● Rizal’s first teacher was his mother. Owing to
her patience, conscientiousness, and
understanding, the young Rizal at the age of
three was able to learn the alphabet and
prayers. Eventually, Doña Teodora discovered
that Rizal had an aptitude in poetry.
● To develop this talent, Doña Teodora
encouraged him to write verses. Later on,
Rizal’s mother realized that he needed a private
tutor who shall teach him at home
● His first private tutor was Maestro Celestino,
followed by Maestro Lucas Padua (Zaide &
Zaide, 1999). The third tutor, however, was Leon
Monroy, a former classmate of his father. It was
from Leon Monroy where Rizal’s skill in reading,
writing, and the rudiments of Latin were
honed
● Rizal, just like other children from the principalia
class, was trained to become a middle-class
intellectual or ilustrado (Guerrero. 1998)
● First, he was subjected to education under
private tutors. Then, he was sent to a private
secondary school and went to a university for
college degree and completed studies in
Europe
● His trainings as an ilustrado could explain why
Rizal did not have any real social
consciousness. As he grew up detached from
the people, he did not understand their needs
and aspirations at the very start
○ Training of being an illustrado:
■ To have an education under the
private tutors
■ Sent to private secondary
school and university for college
degree
■ Complete studies in Europe
 RIZAL 100: LIFE, WORKS, AND WRITING RIZAL | LECTURE
RIZAL’S EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
MIDTERMS S.Y 2022 – 2023
PROF. JEAN C. CARREON

OUTLINE ● After passing the qualifying examination, Rizal

I. Journey to His Early Education sought admission at the Ateneo Municipal.
II. The First Day to Biñan ● Father Magin Fernando - the college registrar,
III. Rizal at Ateneo was at first very firm in denying Rizal admission.
IV. Atenean System of Education ● Rizal was refused to be admitted in this
V. Academic Performance at Ateneo institution for two reasons: late registrant and frail
VI. Rizal’s First Year at Ateneo
and undersized for his age.
VII. Rizal’s Second Year at Ateneo
VIII. Rizal’s Third Year at Ateneo ● Due to the intervention of Manuel Burgos, the
IX. Rizal’s Fourth Year at Ateneo college registrar finally admitted the young Jose.
X. Rizal’s Last Year at Ateneo ● Jose adopted the surname Rizal at the Ateneo
XI. Extra-curricular Activities at Ateneo because their family name Mercado had come
XII. Literary Works at Ateneo under suspicion of the Spanish authorities.
XIII. Rizal’s Higher Education ● Ateneo was located in Intramuros, Manila. He
boarded in a house on Caraballo St., 25 mins.
I. JOURNEY TO HIS EARLY EDUCATION
walk from the campus. The boarding house was
● Maestro Celestino - Rizal’s first tutor
owned by Titay, who owed Rizal family P300.
● Maestro Lucas Padua - Second tutor
Jose boarded there to collect part of the debt.
● Leon Monroy - Former classmate of Rizal’s
father, he lived at the Rizal home and instructed
IV. ATENEAN SYSTEM OF EDUCATION
Jose in Spanish and Latin. Unfortunately, he did
● Jesuits trained the character of every student
not live long. He died five months later.
through rigid discipline and religious instruction.
● June 1869 - at the age of eight, Rizal needed to
Students were required to hear masses in the
leave his family to study in Biñan
morning before the start of the classes. Classes
usually began and ended with prayers.
II. THE FIRST DAY TO BINAN
● Atenean teachers enforced a program of dividing
● Maestro Justiniano Cruz - he had the reward and
class into two competing empires: the Romans
punishment as his method of teaching; he used
and the Carthaginians.
corporal punishment to inculcate discipline to his
● Roman Empire were the boarding students at
students.
Ateneo and the Carthaginian Empire were
● Pedro - he was challenged by Rizal to a fight.
non-boarding students.
● Juancho - Rizal’s teacher in painting.
● December 1870 - he received a letter from his
sister Saturnina advising him to ride the steamer
Talim that would bring him back to Calam.
● December 17, 1870 ; 1:00 in the afternoon,
Saturday - he reached his home at Calamba.

III. RIZAL AT ATENEO

● Rizal entered Ateneo Municipal when he was 11
years old, four months after the execution of
Gomburza and Doña Teodora still in prison.
● His father decided not to send him at the Colegio
de San Jose because of the unhappy experience
his brother Paciano had in the said school
● His father wanted to send Rizal to Colegio de
San Juan de Letran but later decided to have him
enrolled at Ateneo Municipal formerly known as
Escuela Pi.
● Rizal took the entrance examination at the
Colegio de San Juan De Letran on June 10,
1872.
V. ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AT ATENEO
● Rizal’s academic triumph at Ateneo can be
attributed to three factors, namely: racial pride,
monastic discipline and seclusion of school
boarding life.
● He exerted extraordinary efforts to prove to his
Spanishclassmates that the Filipino students can
compete with them academically.
● The monastic discipline of competition inside
the classroom triggered in him the motivation to
outdo his classmates.

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 ● Owing to the seclusion of his boarding school
life, he was able to devote more time to his
studies.
VI. RIZAL’S FIRST YEAR AT ATENEO
● Rizal’s first professor in Ateneo was Fr. Jose
Bech.
● Rizal was placed at the bottom of the class since
he was a newcomer and knows little Spanish.
● He was an externo (Carthaginian), occupying the
end of the line. But at the end of the month, he
became emperor of his Empire.
JO 13-22
● He was the brightest student in the whole class,
and he was awarded a prize, a religious prize
● Rizal took private lessons in Santa Isabel
College during noon recess to improve his
Spanish language, paying three pesos for those
extra lessons.
● Rizal didn’t enjoy his summer vacation because
his mother was in prison so Neneng (Saturnina)
brought him to Tanauan.
● But without telling his father, he went to Santa
Cruz to visit his mother in prison. He told her of
his brilliant grades.
● After summer, he returned to Manila and now
boarded in Intramuros at No. 6 Magallanes St.
VII. RIZAL’S SECOND YEAR AT ATENEO
● At the end of the school year, Rizal received
excellent grades in all subjects and a gold
medal.
● The Count of Monte Cristo by ALexander
Dumas
○ the first favorite novel of Rizal which
made a deep impression on him.
● Universal History by Cesar Cantu
○ Rizal persuaded his father to buy him
this set of historical work that was a
great aid in his studies.
VIII. RIZAL’S THIRD YEAR AT ATENEO
● Rizal grades remained excellent in all subjects
but he won only one medal - in Latin
● At the end of the school year, Rizal returned to
Calamba for the summer vacation. He himself
was not impressed by his scholastic work.
IX. RIZAL’S FOURTH YEAR AT ATENEO
● June 16, 1875
○ Rizal became an interno in Ateneo.
● Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez
○ a great educator and scholar, one of
Rizal’s professors who inspired him to
study harder and to write poetry.
● Rizal topped all his classmates in all subjects
and won five medals at the end of the school
term.
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X. RIZAL’S LAST YEAR AT ATENEO
● Rizal
○ the most brilliant Atenean of his time,
and was truly the pride of the Jesuits.
● Graduated With Highest Honor.
● March 23, 1877
○ Rizal received from his Alma Mater,
Ateneo Municipal, the degree of
Bachelor of Arts, with highest
honors.
XI. EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES AT
ATENEO
● He became a member of and eventually an
officer in the religious confraternities at Ateneo -
Sodality of Our Lady; and Apostleship of
Prayer.
● He also joined the Academy of Spanish
Literature and the Academy of Natural
Sciences.
● Rizal took painting lessons under Agustin Saez,
and the sculpture lessons under Romualdo de
Jesus
● As a result of the talent he had in fine arts, Rizal
was abletocarve the image of Virgin Mary and
the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
● He also sustained the physical fitness training
started under his Tio Manuel.
XII. LITERARY WORKS AT ATENEO
● The first poem he wrote as a student was entitled
Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration).
This poem was dedicated by Rizal to his
mother on the occasion of the latter’s natal day.
● Un Recuerdo de Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My
Town)
○ this poem was his ways of paying
homage to his birthplace, Calamba.
● Al Niño Jesus (To the Child Jesus)
○ written by Rizal duringhisstudent days,
when he was 14 years old. This poem
was his expression of his devotion to
Catholicism.
● Through Education The Country Receives
Light - Rizal compared education to a
lighthouse, considering that it can guide people
in their behaviors and actions.
● The Intimate Alliance Between Religion and
Good Education - Rizal stressed the importance
of religion to education. For Rizal, education not
centered on God cannot be considered true
education
XIII. RIZAL HIGHER EDUCATION
● UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
○ Rizal’s completion of the Bachiller en
Artes at Ateneo Municipal entitled him
 for an admission to higher studies at a
university.
○ Although Doña Teodora was opposed to
Rizal’s pursuit of higher education for
fear of what might happen to him due to
the martyrdom of Gomburza, Don
Francisco decided to send him to
UST.
● ENROLLMENT OF UNIVERSITY OF SANTO
TOMAS
○ Uncertain of what course to take up, the
sixteen-year-old Rizal enrolled the
course Philosophy and Letters, during
his freshman year at UST.
○ In the first place, the said course was
what his father wanted him to pursue.
Secondly, his decision to enroll in the
said academic program could also be
attributed to his failure to solicit the
advice of Father Ramon Pablo.
○ After his freshman year, Rizal shifted his
course from Philosophy and Letters to
Medicine. This was brought by these
factors:
○ He was advised by Father Ramon to
pursue the course. Owing to his
mother’s failing eyesight, Rizal felt that
he should finish medicine so that he
could cure his mother’s physical
ailment.
○ His decision was prompted by his
desire to:
■ cure his mother's failing
eyesight
■ Fr. Ramon wrote back advising
Jose to take up medicine
■ highly in demand course
○ Rizal entered a very different world in
UST as a student.
○ Rizal spent his time studying. He
returned to Ateneo to take up a land
surveying course which was then a
vocational course.
○ He completed the surveyor's course and
was awarded the title of perito
agrimensor
● ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AT UST
○ Rizal’s academic performance at UST
was not comparable with how he
fared in Atene
○ His unhappiness at UST can be traced
to three factors, namely: the hostility of
Dominican professors to Rizal; racial
discrimination against Filipino
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students; and obsolete and
repressive method of instruction at
UST.
○ From Rizal’s scholastic records, it was
obvious that he was not a good
material for a medical course. His
grades in most of his medical subjects
were generally average, indicating that
medicine was not his real vocation but in
the arts
○ Rizal’s unsatisfactory performance can
be attributed to the exciting
distractions of youth he experienced
as a student in Manila. Rizal became
fascinated with women during his
student days at UST.
○ At first, he became infatuated with
Segundina / Segunda Katigbak of
Batangas, whom he visited often in her
boarding house frequently.
○ In fact, there is a time that he was
courting Leonor “Orang” Valenzuela
and Leonor Rivera. After learning that
Orang was already engaged with
another man, Rizal concentrated his
efforts on Leonor Rivera
● LIBERALISM AND FILIPINO STUDENTS AT
UST
○ The influx of liberal ideas can be
attributed to the opening of the Suez
Canal, and the opening of the
Philippinestoworld trade.
○ Filipino students in Manila came to be
affected by the entry of these liberal
ideas in the country.
○ They desired to understand and explain
everything (Guerrero,1998).
○ This stemmed from their exposure to
three important revolutions of the 19th
century on the country: revolution of
the senses against the other
worldliness of monasticism;
revolution of human reason against
the comforting certitudes of the
catechism; and revolution of race and
nation against inequality and
subjection.
○ To encourage the production of literary
works in Manila, the Liceo Artistico
Literario de Manila, an organization of
art lovers in the city, conducted regular
competition in literary writing.
○ Rizal joined the contests. His entries, A
La Juventud Filipina (To The Filipino
Youth) and El Consejo de los Dioses
(The Council of the Gods) were
 adjudged as the best entry in the said
competition.
● IMPORTANT LITERARY WORKS AS A
UNIVERSITY STUDENT
○ A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA (TO THE
FILIPINO YOUTH)
■ a classic in Philippine literature
for two reasons. First, it was the
great poem in Spanish written
by a Filipino, recognized by the
Spanish authorities. Second, it
was the first expression of the
nationalistic concept that the
Filipinos were the fair hope of
the motherland
○ Another important point that Rizal
stressed in the poem relates to the role
of the youth in nation building. From the
poem, he called the youth, The Fair
Hope of the Motherland.
○ Rizal challenged the youth of his day to
do three things: to cultivate their talents
in the arts; to develop their knowledge of
the sciences; and to look forward and
break their chain of bondage
○ EL CONSEJO DE LOS DIOSES (THE
COUNCIL OF THE GODS)
■ it was an allegory in praise of
Cervantes as a co-equal of
Homer and Virgil. The entry
was judged the best entry in the
competition that year. The jury,
however, upon discovering that
its author was a Filipino decided
to confer the grand prize to a
Spaniard
○ JUNTO AL PASIG (BESIDE THE
PASIG)
■ it was a play written by Rizal
at the request of the Jesuits and
was staged at Ateneo, in
connection with the celebration
of the Feast Day of
Immaculate Conception.
○ A FILIPINAS
■ a sonnet was written by Rizal in
1880 not only to praise the
Phiippines for its beauty but to
encourage Filipino artists to
glorify the country through
their art works
○ Rizal joined the competition to prove one
thing - that the Filipinos can equal and
even surpass the Spaniards in literary
prowess
ALEGRIA, AQUINO, SIERAS, YAGONG | 2F | 4 of 5
● STUDENT ACTIVISM AT UST
○ In order to show their Spanish detractors
that Filipino students were united, Rizal
organized a secret society of Filipino
students. This society came to be called
Compañerismo. The members called
themselves Companions of Jehu. Rizal
naturally became the president of this
secret society, with Galicano Apacible
as secretary
○ He criticized the humiliating treatment of
brown Filipino students, who were often
insulted by their Dominican mentors
○ He also condemned the archaic/old
method of instruction at UST
○ He described comically the teaching of
Physics devoid of laboratory
experiments. Students could not even
touch the different laboratory apparatus
and equipment
○ Moreover, favoritism and skin color, not
meritocracy and intellectual brilliance,
were the criteria for judging the actual
academic performance of students
● FIRST TASTE OF SPANISH BRUTALITY
○ Rizal had his first taste of Spanish
brutality during his first summer
vacation at Calamba after his freshman
year at UST. While he was walking in the
street, he failed to see the man passing
by owing to the darkness of the night.
Because he was not able to recognize
the man, who happened to be
lieutenant of the Guardia Civil, Rizal
did not bother to salute nor greet him
Buenas noches. Since, the lieutenant
was expecting that he be treated with
respect, and courtesy by everybody in
the town, what he did was to whip out
his sword and slashed it at Rizal’s back
○ Rizal was wounded. He sent a written
complaint to Governor-General Primo
de Rivera about the incident. Nothing
positive came out from his complaint,
considering that he was an Indio
○ This incident left a deep impression on
Rizal
○ Cognizant of his dignity, and of his ability
to compete with a Spaniard on equal
terms, he found that as an Indio, he was
not accorded equality with a Spaniard
before the bar of justice
● DECISION TO GO TO EUROPE
○ After completing his fourth year in the
medical course, Rizal decided to leave
 the country for Europe. While obviously,
Rizal was to leave the country to
complete his medical course in
Barcelona, Spain, this was not the real
reason for his sudden departure
○ There were hidden purposes for his
voyage to a new world. It can be inferred
from Paciano’s letter to Rizal that the
following were the real purposes of
Rizal’s voyage to Europe: to make a
name for himself in the realm of
journalism; to observe and study
European society; and to prepare
himself for the task of liberating the
Filipinos from Spanish tyranny

ALEGRIA, AQUINO, SIERAS, YAGONG | 2F | 5 of 5

 RIZAL 100: LIFE, WORKS, AND WRITING RIZAL | LECTURE
RIZAL’S EDUCATION AND LIFE ABROAD
MIDTERMS S.Y 2022 – 2023
PROF. JEAN C. CARREON

OUTLINE ● May 9, 1882 – SS Salvadora docked in

I. Rizal’s Education and Life Abroad
II. Travel for Spain
III. From Singapore to Colombo, Sri Lanka
IV. Trip to the Suez Canal
V. Life in Barcelona
VI. Life in Madrid
VII. Paris to Berlin
VIII. Rizal’s Reason Staying in Berlin
IX. Berlin
X. Rizal’s Grand Tour Europe With Viola
A. Grand Tour With Viola
B. Rizal in Italy
I. RIZAL’S EDUCATION AND LIFE ABROAD
● Rizal continued his 4 year medical course at the
university of Santo Thomas.
● The academic freedom he enjoyed while he was
in the Ateneo Municipal was weakened by the
racial prejudice and limitations at the UST.
● Nevertheless, he finished his course as he
wanted to treat the failing eyesight of his mother,
Doña Teodora.
● His general average was creditable but he found
the classroom inadequate for his academic
curiosity.
● That is why he went abroad and continued his
study, particularly in Spain.
● Aside from continuing his studies abroad, he
intended to observe the life, culture, traditions,
government and laws of european nations in
order to prepare himself for his desire to liberate
the Filipino people from the Spanish tyranny.
● His studies abroad was a secret to his parents
and his girlfriend, Leonora Rivera.
● Those who knew his departure were his brother,
Paciano, his 2 sisters, Saturnina and Lucia, his
uncle Antonio Rivera.
II. TRAVEL FOR SPAIN
● May 1, 1882 – Rizal began writing farewell letters
to his friends and family
○ Paciano gave him money for his
allowance.
○ Saturnina gave him a diamond ring.
● May 3, 1882 – Rizal left on board the Spanish
steamer Salvadora bound for Singapore using a
passport of Jose Mercado, a name he used to
avoid detection by the Spanish authorities, the
friars.
● His brother, Paciano, did everything to ensure
that Rizal could leave the country Secretly.
Singapore and stayed in Hotel dela Paz for two
days.
○ In Singapore, Rizal transferred to
another ship, Djemnah, a French
steamer, which left Singapore for Europe
on May 11. 1882.
III. FROM SINGAPORE TO COLOMBO, SRI LANKA
● May 11, 1882 – From Singapore, he boarded the
Djemnah, a French steamer bound for Europe.
● May 17, 1882 – Djemnah made its stop over at
the Point Galle.
○ Rizal noted, “Point Galle, a seacoast
town which is picturesque but lonely,
quiet and sad.
● May 18, 1882 – Djemnah docked at Colombo.
○ Rizal said. “Colombo is more
beautiful, smart and elegant than
Singapore. Point Galle and Manila.”
IV. TRIP TO THE SUEZ CANAL
● May 27, 1882 – he landed at Aden, Yemen at
about 8:30am. He made observations at that
time.
○ Aden is a city hotter than Manila. Rizal
was amused to see the camels, for the
first time.
● June 2, 1882 - He arrived at the Suez Canal
enroute to Marseilles. Rizal was impressed in the
beautiful moonlight which reminded him of
Calamba and his family.
● June 11, 1882 – Rizal disembarked and
accompanied by a guide, went around the City
of Naples for one hour. This was the first
European ground he set foot on.
○ Rizal was pleased on this Italian City
because of its business activity, its lively
people and its panoramic beauty.
● June 12, 1882 – At 10 o’clock in the evening, the
boat anchored at Marseilles. He slept on board.
○ Rizal visited the famous Chateau d’if,
where Dantes, hero of the Count of
Monte Cristo, was imprisoned. Rizal
stayed two and a half days in Marseilles.
● June 16, 1882 – At 12:00 noon, Rizal arrived at
Barcelona and boarded the Fonda de España.
Rizal’s first impression of Barcelona, the greatest
city of Cataluña and Spain’s second largest city
was unfavorable.

ALEGRIA, AQUINO, SIERAS, YAGONG | 2F | 1 of 5

 ○ In his next visit however, he came to like ○ Rizal studied painting and sculpture.
Barcelona due to the prevalence of ○ He took lessons in French, German
liberalism in the city and the good quality and English under private instructors.
demonstrated by a president, Open ○ He practiced fencing and shooting at the
heartedness, hospitality, and Hall of Arms in Sanz y Carbonell.
courage. ● Rizal joined the Circulo-Hispano Filipino. It is
V. LIFE IN BARCELONA an association formed by Filipino students in
● He wrote an essay entitled “Amor Patrio” (Love Spain composed of both Filipinos and Spaniards
of Country). ○ Mi Piden Versos (They Ask Me for
● His next article was entitled “Los Verses)
Viajes”(Travels) and followed by “Revista de ■ upon the request of the
Madrid” (Review of Madrid) but the latter was members of this society, Rizal
returned because the publication was ceased wrote this poem which he
because of lack of funds. personally declaimed during the
● August 20, 1882 – His article “Amor Patrio” New Year’s Eve reception held
was published in the Diariong Tagalog, a Manila in the evening of December 31,
newspaper edited by Basilio Teodoro. This was 1882
his first article he wrote abroad. ● March 1883
● Amor Patrio (Love of Country) ○ He joined the Masonic Lodge called
○ From this essay, Rizal made clear that Acacia. His reason for was to secure
for the love of one's country Filipinos Free masonry’s aid in his fight for the
have to sacrifice their youth, pleasure, Philippines.
slander of genius and even their life ● November 1883
○ Of course Rizal’s inspiration when He ○ He transferred to Lodge Solidaridad,
wrote the essay was his country the where he become a Master Mason.
Philippines. ■ Mason Lee is an
○ Nationalistic essay, Rizal’s first article antichrist/illuminati
written on Spain’s soil. Under his ■ Mason Lee/The Masons who
pen-name Laong Laan. It was started in constructions they
published in two texts– Spanish and experienced social injustice
Tagalog coming from the government
■ As a writer it is important to use and catholic church in Spain
a pen-name for your safety and that why they made an
security so that your true organization to fight against the
identity will not be identified with system of the catholic church
the readers and the government also, they
● originally written by Rizal in Barcelona, the are not mad in the religion itself
Tagalog text was a Tagalog translation made by But rather There are mad at the
Marcelo H. del Pilar. catholic church was being
● Amor Patrio run,Therefore there are not
○ Rizal’s first nationalistic essay where he antichrist
urged the Filipinos to love their ● He was overwhelmed by their progressive ideas
motherland. on government, politics, and religion
● For Rizal, loving one’s country was the greatest, ● Thus, he joined the Masonry for the following
most heroic and sublime or disinterested probable reasons:
sentiment a person could have ○ the abuses committed by the friars
● For the first time, he used the term Tierra against the Filipinos;
Extranjera (Foreign Land) in referring to Spain. ○ his association with many mason;
○ and the possible assistance the
VI. LIFE IN MADRID masons can extend himin his
● September 2, 1882 struggle against Spanish tyranny and
○ Rizal moved heading to Madrid in order oppression
to continue his medical studies ● June 1884
● November 3, 1882 ○ Rizal finished his medical education. He
○ Rizal enrolled at the Universidad Central was conferred the degree of Licentiate
de Madridin two courses– Medicine and in Medicine.
Philosophy and Letters.
● Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando

ALEGRIA, AQUINO, SIERAS, YAGONG | 2F | 2 of 5

 ● The next year, he passed all his subjects leading
to Doctors of Medicine but was only able to get
his Doctor’s Diploma in 1887 for he wasn’t able
to pay corresponding fees.
● June 1885
○ Rizal was awarded the degree of
Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters
by the Universidad Central de Madrid
with the rating of Excellent
(Sobresaliente/Summa Cum Laude).
● RIZAL’S TOAST TO LUNA AND HIDALGO
● While Rizal was in Madrid, a very heartening
news made the Filipino expatriates rejoice.
● Juan Luna and Felix R. Hidalgo emerged
winners in the 1884 Madrid Exposition.
● Luna was awarded a gold medal for his painting,
the Spoliarium; while Hidalgo, a silver medal for
his entry. Christian Virgins exposed to the
Populace.
● A banquet was tendered in honor of these two
Filipino artists at The Café Ingles on June 25,
1884, with Rizal delivering the keynote speech.
● The speech of salute Rizal delivered during the
occasion came to be called Brindis.
VII. PARIS TO BERLIN
● Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to
specialize in Ophthalmology
○ Rizal chose this branch of medicine
because he wanted to cure his mother’s
eye ailment.
● Dr. Louis de Wecker
○ the leading French Ophthalmologist
during this period. He is the leading
authority among the oculists of France,
who found Rizal such a competent
student and make him as his clinical
assistant.
● From Dr. de Wecker, Rizal learned the
following:
○ the actual performance of eye operation;
○ recent studies on the ailment of the
eyes;
○ and the various techniques of eye
operation
PARIS
● During his free time, he visited his fellow
countrymen – Pardo de Taveras (Trinidad, Felix
and Paz) and Juan Luna.
● Rizal posted in Luna’s canvass like, “The Blood
Compact” in which he posed as Sikatuna and
Trinidad as Legazpi. He also posed for a group
picture called “The Death of Cleopatra”
wherein he dressed as an Egyptian priest.
HEIDELBERG
● February 1, 1886 – he left Paris to Germany
after being a clinical assistant of Lois de Wecker
he gained a lot of information he practiced his
ALEGRIA, AQUINO, SIERAS, YAGONG | 2F | 3 of 5
specialization and now its time for him to go to
Germany, and arrived on February 3, 1886 in
○ Heidelberg – a historic city in Germany,
famous for its old university and
romantic surroundings.
● Dr. Otto Becker – distinguished German
Ophthalmologist where Rizal worked under his
supervision in the University Eye Hospital.
○ It was at this university town where Rizal
perfected the techniques of diagnosing
eye ailments, which he learned under
Dr. Otto Becker.
● November 1886 – Rizal arrived in Berlin. He was
enchanted by the scientific atmosphere and the
absence of racial prejudice in Berlin.
● Rizal met Dr. Feodor Jagor, great scientist and
author of “Travels in the Philippines”, one of
the books Rizal admired during his student days.
● He also met Dr. Rudolf Virchow known to be the
Father of Modern Pathology.
VIII. RIZAL’S REASONS IN STAYING IN BERLIN
1. To gain further knowledge in Ophthalmology;
2. To improve further his studies of sciences and
languages;
3. To observe the economic and political conditions
of the German nation;
4. To associate with famous German scientists and
scholars;
5. To publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere
VI. BERLIN
● November 1886 – one of Rizal’s important
letters written while he was in Germany that
addressed to his sister, Trinidad.
● In his letter, Rizal expressed his high regard and
admiration for German womanhood.
● The German woman, said Rizal to his sister, is
serious, diligent, educated and friendly. They
are not gossipy, frivolous and quarrelsome.
● The said letter, likewise, shows Rizal’s concern
about the training of his sisters so that they can
be able to emulate the virtues of German
women.
NOLI ME TANGERE (published in Berlin, 1887)
● The bleak winter of 1886 in Berlin was Rizal’s
darkest winter because no money arrived form
Calamba and he was flat broke. The diamond
ring which his sister, Saturnina, gave him was in
the pawnshop.
● It was memorable in the life of Rizal for two
reasons:
1. it was a painful episode for he was
hungry, sick and despondent in a
strange city;
 2. it brought him great joy after enduring
so much sufferings, because his first
novel, Noli Me Tangere came off the
press in March, 1887
● UNCLE TOMS CABIN by Harriet Beecher
Stowe – inspired Dr. Rizal to prepare a novel
that would depict the miseries of his people
under the lash of Spanish tyrants.
○ The novels talk about racial
discrimination , racial prejudice and
slavery, in which the White Americans
saw the Black Americans.
● Maximo Viola – friend from Bulacan arrived in
Berlin at the height of Rizal despondency and
leaned him the needed funds to publish the
novel; savior of Noli.
● February 21, 1887 – the Noli was finally
finished and ready for printing Berliner
● Buchdruckrei-Action-Gesellschaft – a
printing shop which charged the lowest rate,
that is, 300 pesos for 2,000 copies of the
novel.
● March 21, 1887 – the Noli Me Tangere came
off the press.
○ The title Noli Me Tangere is a Latin
phrase which means “Touch Me
Not.” It is not originally conceived by
Rizal, for he admitted taking it from the
bible from (St. John 20: 13 – 17)
● “Touch Me Not” means HUWAG MO
AKONG SALINGIN/ HUWAG MO AKONG
HAWAKAN.
VII. RIZAL’S GRAND TOUR OF EUROPE WITH VIOLA
A. GRAND TOUR WITH VIOLA
● May 21, 1887 – Rizal and Viola left Berlin By
Train Going to Dresden, one of the best cities in
Germany.
○ They visited Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, who
was very happy seeing them and they
met Dr. Feodor Jagor.
● Prometheus Bound – a painting wherein Rizal
was deeply impressed.
● Teschen (now Decin, Czechoslovakia) –next
stopover after leaving Dresden
● LEITMERITZ
○ At 1:30 pm of May 13, 1887 – the train,
with Rizal and Viola on board, arrived at
the railroad station of Leitmeritz,
Bohemiafor the first time, the two great
scholars – Rizal and Blumentritt – met
in person.
○ Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt – a
kind-hearted, old Austrian professor
ALEGRIA, AQUINO, SIERAS, YAGONG | 2F | 4 of 5
● VIENNA
○ May 20, 1887 – Rizal and Viola arrived
in the beautiful cityof Vienna, capital of
Austria – Hungary.
○ Vienna was truly the “Queen of
Danube” because of its beautiful
building, religious images, haunting
waltzes and majesticcharm.
○ What impressed him most were the
archaic villages on the riversides,which
were serene and peaceful.
● RHEINFALL
○ The Cathedral of Ulm - the largest
andtallest Cathedral inGermany.
○ Rizal and Viola climbed its many
hundred steps. According to Viola,he
rested twice on the way to the tower to
catch his breath, while Rizal ascended
continuously until he reached thetop.
○ From Ulm, they went to Stuttgart, Baden
and then Rheinfall.
○ At Rheinfall, they saw the waterfall,
“themost beautiful waterfall in Europe.”
● CROSSING THE FRONTIER TO
SWITZERLAND
○ June 2 to 3, 1887 – stayed at
Schaffhausen, Switzerland
● GENEVA
○ The Swiss City is one of the most
beautiful cities in Europe, visited by
world tourists every year.
○ Meanwhile, the two spent some
afternoon on boating at Leman Lake.
○ June 19, 1887 – Rizal treated Viola to a
blow-out. It was his 26th birthday. Rizal
and Viola spent fifteen delighted days in
Geneva.
○ June 23, 1887 – Viola and Rizal parted
ways – Viola returned Barcelona
while Rizal continued the tour to Italy.
○ Viola and Rizal parted ways – Viola
returned to Barcelona while Rizal
continued the tour to Italy.
○ Exposition of the Philippines in
Madrid, Spain – Rizal was outraged by
this degradation of his fellow
countrymen, the Igorots of Northern
Luzon.
B. RIZAL IN ITALY
● June 27, 1887 – Rizal reached Rome, the
“Eternal City” and also called the“City of the
Caesars.” Rizal was thrilled by the sights and
memories of the Eternal City.
● Describing to Blumentritt, the “grandeur that
was Rome,” he wrote on June 27, 1887.
● June 29, 1887 – the Feast Day of St. Peter and
St. Paul, Rizal visited for the first time the
 Vatican, the “City of the Popes” and the
capital of Christendom.
● Every night after sightseeing the whole day, Rizal
returned to his hotel, very tired. “I am tired as
dog, but I will sleep as a god” he wrote to
Blumentritt.
● After a week of wonderful sojourn in Rome, Rizal
prepared to return to the Philippines. He had
already written to his father that he was coming
home.

ALEGRIA, AQUINO, SIERAS, YAGONG | 2F | 5 of 5

 RIZAL 100: LIFE, WORKS, AND WRITING RIZAL | LECTURE
RIZAL’S EXILE, TRIAL AND EXECUTION
MIDTERMS S.Y 2022 – 2023
PROF. JEAN C. CARREON
OUTLINE
I. Rizal’s Life Before His Exile to Dapitan
II. Rizal’s Exile in Dapitan
III. Life in Talisay
IV. The End of the Dapitan Exile
V. Arrest and Trial
VI. Rizal’s Final Day
I. RIZAL’S LIFE BEFORE HIS EXILE TO
DAPITAN
● Dimasalang was the pen name used by Rizal
when he joined Freemasonry.
○ On his first homecoming, he stayed in
the Philippines for only six months.
● Rizal had to leave the Philippines because he
had already been a marked man for the friars.
○ He was forced to leave the Philippines
for the second tim
○ After publishing his sequel to the Noli,
and that is the El Filibusterismo, Rizal
left Europe for Hong Kong.
○ Before proceeding to Hong Kong, Rizal
took time to inform Marcelo H. del Pilar
of his retirement from the reform
movement to preserve the unity of his
fellow Filipinos in Spain.
○ In Hong Kong, Rizal was planning of his
Borneo Colonization Project, and laid
down the basis of the La Liga Filipina
or the Philippine League, which he
would establish in the Philippines upon
his return.
○ He drafted the constitution of the La
Liga Filipina, with the assistance of Jose
Ma. Basa.
○ His decision to return to the country was
opposed by his parents and friends
because of their fear of the negative
consequence it can bring about for Rizal
● Despite the advices given to him, Rizal was
determined to be back in the Philippines.
Before leaving Hong Kong, he celebrated his
31st birthday with some of his friends and wrote
two letters.
○ His first letter was addressed to his
family, and the second, to his
countrymen, with the instruction that
these letters should be opened and
published after his death.
● Rizal and his sister Lucia arrived in Manila on
June 26, 1892. After going through the routine
ALEGRIA, AQUINO, SIERAS, YAGONG | 2F | 1 of 4
inspection of their luggage, the two were allowed
to land.
● July 3, 1892 - Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina
in the home of Doroteo Ongjunco.
● Elected president was Ambrosio Salvador.
The other officers were: Agustin dela Rosa,
fiscal; Bonifacio Arevalo, treasurer; and
Deodato Arellano, secretary.
● Three days after the founding of the La Liga
Filipina, Gov. Gen. Eulogio Despujol ordered
the arrest and incarceration of Rizal at Fort
Santiago.
● July 7, 1892 - Gov. Gen Despujol released his
gubernatorial decree of 1892 ordering the
deportation of Rizal to Dapitan.
● His deportation was based on the following
charges against him (Capino et al, 1878):
● Publication and introduction of various
anti-monastic books and handbills;
● Travelling through different provinces
without a permit from the
Governor-General;
● Finding in his luggage the pamphlets
Pobres Frailes or Poor Friars which
mocked the religious orders;
● Dedication of the El Filibusterismo to
the memory of Gomburza; and
● Rizal’s attempts at de-Catholicizing
and denationalizing the Filipino
people.
● Without due process, Despujol rendered his
verdict on Rizal.
○ Rizal was detained in Fort Santiago for 9
days.
○ July 15, 1892 - he left Manila for
Dapitan, where he would be spending
the next four years of his life.
○ With his deportation to Dapitan, the Liga
died its natural death.
○ It splits into two branches: the rightist,
which came to be called Cuerpo de
Compromisarios; and the leftists, which
later on came to be known as the
Katipunan or KKK (Agoncillo, 1990)
II. RIZAL’S EXILE IN DAPITAN
● July 17, 1892
○ Rizal, together with his guard Captain
Ricardo Carcinero, arrived in Dapitan.
● Rizal was given the choice to live in the house of
the parish priest, Fr. Antonio Obach or at
Carnicero’s house
● He could live in the priest’s quarters only if:
○ He publicly retracted his Masonic and
antichurch beliefs
○ He regularly participate in church rites
○ He conduct himself as a good Spanish
subject and a man of religion
○ Rizal made him a bust and composed a
poem in his honor A Don RIcardo
Carnicero on his birthday on August 26,
1892
III. LIFE IN TALISAY
● Both men betted on the lottery and won 20,000
pesos
○ Lottery Ticket Number: 9736
● He used his money to build an octagonal house
made up of bamboo and nipa in Talisay
● Rizal built a school and accepted students with
no tuition
● The other part was used for his eye clinic
● He also built a house for the ladies in his family
who were free to visit him in Dapitan
● Carnicero also wrote a letter to Governor
General to allow his mother and sisters to join
him in Dapitan
● May 4, 1893
○ Carnicero was replaced by Captain Juan
Sitges
○ He did not want living with a deportee
○ He assigned Rizal to live in a house
near the headquarters
○ The Jesuits sent if old professor at the
Ateneo, Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez
■ To entice him back tack to the
Church
○ He helped clean up the plaza of Dapitan
and lit it up at night with coconut oil
lamps
○ Rizal fell in love with the eighteen-year
old Josephine Bracken
● Rizal and Josephine tried to have themselves
married in Catholic rites but Fr. Obach required
that Rizal retract his beliefs
○ Rizal’s relatives and friends looked at
Josephine with suspicion and
condescension
● Pablo Mercado
○ A spy of the friars who posed as Rizal’s
relative (Florencio Namaan - his true
name)
● Pio Valenzuela
○ He was asking for advice on how to
launch a revolution
○ He offered to have the Katipunan assist
him in escaping from Dapitan
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● Rizal objected to the projected revolution, the
revolutionaries must have enough arms and
weapons
IV. THE END OF THE DAPITAN EXILE
● When rizal heard the news paint is made of
decisions who would serve in cuba, which was
then fighting for its independence, rizal
volunteered in 1895
● governor-general Ramon Blanco
○ Approve the request of rizal on july 1,
1896
● at the midnight of that day, he left abroad the
steamer espanya
● the townspeople of Dapitan wept because they
considered rizal as a good son and neighbor
● August 6, 1896
○ upon arriving in manila bay, rizal was
not able to leave immediately for spain
since the vessel Isla de Luzon already
left
○ he was transferred to spanish cruiser
Castilla and stayed there for a month
from august 6 to september 2, 1896
● August 19, 1896
○ The Katipunan plot to overthrow Spanish
rule by means of revolution, it was
discovered by Fr. Mariano Gil after
Teodoro Patino’s disclosure of
organization’s secrets
○ At that time, katipunan was already
discovered and the philippine revolution
was already raging
○ In the afternoon, governor General
Blanco proclaimed a state of war in the
first eight provinces for rising arms
against spain
■ Manila, Bulacan, Cavite,
Batangas, Laguna, Pampanga,
Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac
○ Rizal receive letters from
Governor-General Blanco which
absolved him from all the blame for the
raging revolution
○ He transferred to Isla de Panay which
was sailing for Barcelona, Spain
○ Don Pedro Roxas advice Rizal's to stay
and take advantage of the protection of
british law.
V. ARREST AND TRIAL
● September 30- the Isla de Panay had already
sailed past Port Said in Egypt and was now
sailing in the Mediterranean
● A telegraphic message was received ordering
that Rizal be placed under arrest
● Bernardino Nozaleda - Archbishop of Manila
who clamored for the arrest of Rizal who was
said to be the spirit of Philippine Revolution
● October 3 - the Isla de Panay arrived in
Barcelona and Rizal was sent to a
prison-fortress, Montjuich Castle
● Rizal's interview with Despujol he would be
shipped back to Manila
● On the night of the same day, after the
interview, Rizal was taken aboard the Colon
which was loaded with Spanish troops sailed
for Manila
● Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez -
they exerted all their efforts to find a lawyer in
Singapore who could aid their friend
● Attorney Hugh Fort - an English lawyer in
Singapore
● Unfortunately, Chief Justice Lionel, the judge
in Singapore denied the request
● November 3, 1896 - the Colon arrived in
Manila Bay and Rizal was taken to Fort
Santiago
● November 20, 1896- Rizal was brought before
a Spanish military tribunal headed by Colonel
Francisco Olive
● Fifteen documents were used as evidence
against him Oral testimonies were taken and
were used to implicate Rizal in the Philippine
Revolution
● It was decided that there was prima facie
evidence against Rizal
● Governor General appointed Captain Rafael
Dominquez to institute charges against Rizal
● Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade - the lawyer of
Jose Rizal and brother of his former
bodyguard Jose Taviel de Andrade
● December 13 - the case was forwarded to
Governor General Camilo de Polavieja -
replacement of Governor Blanco
● Rizal's actual trial began on December 26,
1896 and it was held at the Hall of Banners
of the Cuartel de España in Fort Santiago
● Rizal was charged with three crimes:
rebellion, sedition and formation of illegal
associations
● In defending himself. Rizal presented twelve
arguments
● The court judged Rizal quilty for the charges
and voted for the death penalty
● December 28 1896 - Governor General
Polavieja signed Rizal's death warrant
ordering him to be shot at 7:00 o'clock in the
morning at Bagumbayan.
● Rizal signed it saying that he was innocent
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VI. RIZAL’S FINAL DAY
● Rizal was transferred to the prison chapel
● Fr. Miguel Saderra Mata, Rector of the
Ateneo Municipal and Fr. Luis Viza
● Fr. Viza brought the image of the Sacred
Heart of Jesus
● Fr. Antonio Rosell - he ate breakfast with
Rizal
● Lt. Taviel de Andrade - also arrived and Rizal
thanked him for his gallant services
● Fr. Balaguer - he remained with Rizal around
noon
● At the three o'clock in the afternoon, Fr.
Balaguer returned and tried to persuade Rizal
to retract his Masonic beliefs but Rizal
remained firm
● After he left, Rizal's mother and sisters arrived
● Rizal gave an alcohol slove to Trinidad which
was a gift from Pardo de Tavera and
whispered to her in English “The is something
inside”
● He also told her to look inside his shoes after
he is executed
● After his family left, Fathers Vilaclara and
Balaguer again arrived to convince Rizal to
retract
● By eight in the evening, Fr. Balaguer returned
with Fr. Viza and again talked with Rizal on
religious matters. At this point, they were
joined by Fiscal Gaspar Castaño of the Royal
Audiencia
● At around 10:00, a draft of retraction arrived
from Archbishop bernandino Nozaleda
● Another draft of retraction was made by Fr.
Pio Pi - the superior of the Jesuit Mission in
the Philippines
● At 11:30, Rizal signed his retraction from the
Freemasonry and it was witnessed by Juan
del Fresno - the Chief of the guard detail and
the Adjacent of the Plaza Elroy Moure
● After signing, Rizal had confession with Fr.
Vilacra and rested afterwards
● At 5:00 am, Rizal had his last breakfast,
autographed his remaining books which
became his kast souvenirs
● Fr. Balaguer - he performed the marriage rites
of Rizal and Josephine
● Rizal gave a book to Josephine, Imitacion de
Cristo by Thomas kempis which he
autographed
● Afterwards, he wrote three farewell letters: to
parents, Dr. Blumentritt, and Paciano
● At around 6:30, Rizal was taken rom cell and
the march to Bagumbayan began
● A colonel took Rizal to the site of his execution
● Rizal had requested the firing squad to spare
his head which was granted
● He also requested to be shot at his front, but it
was denied
● Dr. Felipe ruiz Castillo took Rizal’s pulse and
found that it was normal
● The commanding officer ordered his men to
aim by means of his saber and there was a
simultaneous crack of gunfire and Jose rizal
made one last effort to drop on his back with
his face facing the sun
● The Spanish spectators shouted Viva
España!
● The military ban played Marcha de Cadiz
● Rizal’s body was secretly buried at Paco
Cemetery where later it was traced by his
sister
● The remains of Rizal’s were cleaned in Higino
mercado’s house in Binondo and were given
to Doña teodora
● His remains were laid to rest inside the Rizal
monument in Luneta
● Rizal had died but he lives in the hearts of the
people, as a martyr to Filipino freedom
(Capino et al. 1977). His leadership - being
direct, enlightened, liberal, democratic,
progressive, compassionate and peaceful -
was the crowning glory of his service to the
Filipino people. This kind of leadership that he
manifested can be gleaned from his writings
and personal examples. Here lies his
excellence as an individual, a man with a
purpose and conscience.

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