Rizal’s

Biography
 19th Century
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
▪ After 1830
▪ Growth of an export economy
▪ Growth of a Filipino middle class
▪ Agricultural export economy
2
 19th Century
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
▪ Friar haciendas
▪ Inquilinos
▪ Opening of the Suez Canal
3
19th century
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
▫ Corrupt and opportunistic civil servants
▫ Inability of the colonial government to
provide basic social services and public
works
▫ Guardia Civil
▫ Antiquated tax system
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19th century
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
▫ An emerging middle class
▫ Nascent Filipino nationalism
▫ Role of education
▫ 5% of the population could speak
and understand Spanish 5
 “
“If only our
ancestors could
be resurrected!”
-- Rizal, 1890, 90
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What do we expect to learn?

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 Rizal’s Life
Turning points

Based on Austin Coates’

Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr
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1861-1882
YOUTH IN MEDIEVAL
TWILIGHT
1861-1882
1. Childhood in Calamba
2. The Frailocracy
3. Student of the Jesuits
4. University of Santo Tomas
5. Departure on a Mission
10
“The Filipinos in the last half of
the nineteenth century were
not Orientals but medieval
Europeans.” -- Austin Craig
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https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/6105257675
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 Dominicans in the
Philippines
- Owned the hacienda in
Calamba during Rizal’s
time
- Rizal’s family members
were inquilinos of the
Dominicans

https://twitter.com/govph/status/623336689759592449
16
Who were the
inquilinos?
Inquilinos
= renters/tenant
 http://haciendadecalamba.blogspot.com/2012/06/chapter-ii-historical-
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antecedent.html
16,424 hectares
Total land area of Hacienda de Calamba upon the Dominican acquisition in 1832

20
380 hectares
Land area leased by the Rizal family (1880)

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 Status was determined by
the following factors:

1. 2. 3. 4.
Landownership Wealth Education Skin Color

23
Principalia

Others
(i.e., indios, los
chinos)
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 Jose Saniel and
family of Argao,
Cebu

Principalia family

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 “Do you call those external practices faith? Or that

“ business in cords and scapulars, religion? Or the stories

of miracles and other fairy tales that we hear every day,
truth?

Is this the law of Jesus Christ? A God did not have to

let Himself be crucified for this, nor we assume the
obligation of eternal gratitude.

Superstition existed long before this; all that was

needed was to perfect it and to raise the price of the
merchandise.“ -- Elias
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