LESSON 3: RIZAL'S FAMILY AND
CHILDHOOD from the surname of her godmother based
Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
• Born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba, Laguna
▪ Calamba was derived from Kalan-
Banga
o Kalan - clay stove
o Banga - water jar
• Seventh of eleven children born
• Executed on December 30, 1896.
• June 19, 1861 - moonlit Wednesday
between eleven and midnight Jose Rizal was
born in the lakeshore town of Calamba,
Laguna.
• June 22, 1861 - aged three days old, Rizal
was baptized in the Catholic Church
• Father Rufino Collantes - a Batangueño,
the parish priest who baptized Rizal
• Father Pedro Casanas - Rizal’s godfather,
a native of Calamba and a close friend of the
Rizal family
• Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery - the
governor-general of the Philippines when
Rizal was born
Meanings Of Name
• Doctor - completed his medical course in
Spain and was conferred the degree of
Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad
Central de Madrid.
- Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of
Philosophy and Letters.
• Jose - was chosen by his mother who was a
devotee of the Christian saint San Jose (St.
Joseph)
• Protacio - from Gervacio P. which comes
from a Christian calendar
• Rizal - from the word ‘Ricial’ in Spanish
which means Green field.
• Mercado - adopted in 1731 by Domingo
Lamco (the paternal great-great-grandfather
of Jose Rizal) the Spanish term mercado
means ‘market’ in English
• Y – and
• Alonso - an old surname of his mother
• Realonda - it was used by Doña Teodora
on the culture of that time.
Rizal’s Parents
Francisco Engracio Mercado, 80 (1818-1898)
▪ Rizal's father
▪ Born on May 11, 1818, in Biñan, Laguna.
▪ Productive farmer from Binan, Laguna.
▪ He was an independent-minded, taciturn, but
dynamic gentleman from whom Jose
inherited his “free soul.”
▪ Became Teniente Gobernadorcillo
(lieutenant governor) in Calamba and was
thus nicknamed Teniente Kiko.
▪ When he was eight years old, he lost his
father.
▪ He was nonetheless educated as he took
Latin and Philosophy at the College of San
Jose in Manila, where he met and fell in love
with Teodora Alonso, a student at the
College of Santa Rosa.
▪ Married Teodora Alonso on June 28, 1848,
they settled down in Calamba where they
were granted a lease of a rice farm in the
Dominican owned haciendas.
▪ His great-grandfather was Domingo Lam-
co, a learned pro-poor or ‘maka-masa’
Chinese immigrant businessman who
married a sophisticated Chinese mestiza of
Manila named Ines de la Rosa
▪ One of their two children, named
Francisco (ALSO), married
Bernarda Monicha.
▪ Juan Mercado
- Francisco and Bernarda’s son
- Became a ‘gobernadorcillo’
(town mayor) of Biñan,
Laguna.
- He married Cirila Alejandra
and they had 12 children, the
youngest being Jose Rizal’s
father, Francisco.
Doña Teodora Alonso Quintos Realonda, 86
(1827-1913)
▪ Known as “Lolay.”
▪ Jose’s mother.
▪ Was born on November 8, 1826, in Santa
Cruz.
▪ Was an educated and highly cultured woman
from Sta. Cruz, Manila.
▪ Asuncion Rizal-Lopez Bantug, the
granddaughter of Jose’s sister Narcisa,
contrarily claims that Lola Lolay and all her
siblings were born in Calamba, but (just)
lived in Manila.
▪ It is believed that Doña Teodora’s family
descended from Lakandula, the last native
king of Tondo.
▪ Lolay’s great-grandfather was Eugenio
Ursua (of Japanese descent) who married a
Filipina named Benigna.
▪ Regina, their daughter, married a
Filipino-Chinese lawyer of
Pangasinan, Manuel de Quintos.
▪ Brigida Quintos, daughter of
Manuel and Regina Quintos
married Lorenzo Alberto Alonso,
a well-off Spanish-Filipino mestizo
of Biñan.
- The Lorenzo-Brigida union
produced five children, the
second of them was Jose
Rizal’s mother, Teodora
Alonso Quintos.
▪ Through the Claveria (Narciso Claveria)
degree of 1849 which changed the Filipino
native surnames, the Alonsos adopted the
surname Realonda. Rizal’s mother thus
became Teodora Alonso Quintos Realonda.
Jose’s Siblings
1. Saturnina Rizal, 63 (1850-1913)
The eldest child.
She and her mother provided little Jose
with good basic education by the age of
three, Pepe (Jose’s nickname) already
knew his alphabet.
2. Paciano Rizal, 79 (1851-1930)
Jose’s only brother.
Was born on March 7, 1851, in
Calamba, Laguna.
He was fondly addressed by his siblings
as Ñor Paciano, short for “Senior
Paciano.”
The 10-year older brother of Jose
studied at San Jose College in Manila,
became a farmer, and later a general of
the Philippine Revolution.
After Jose’s execution in December
1896, Paciano joined the Katipuneros in
Cavite under General Emilio Aguinaldo,
Paciano was commissioned as general
of the revolutionary forces and elected
as secretary of finance in the
Department Government of Central
Luzon.
3. Narcisa Rizal, 87 (1852-1939)
Simply “Sisa”
The third child in the family.
Later in history, Narcisa (like Saturnina)
would help in financing Rizal’s studies
in Europe, even pawning her jewelry
and peddling her clothes if needed. I
It was said she could recite from
memory almost all of the poems of our
national hero.
4. Olimpia Rizal, 32 (1855-1887)
Was the fourth child in the Rizal family.
Known as “Ipia”.
Jose loved to tease her sometimes
good-humored describing her as his
stout sister.
Jose’s first love, Segunda Katigbak,
was Olympia’s schoolmate at the La
Concordia College.
Rizal confided to Olympia about
Segunda, and the sister willingly served
as the mediator between the two
teenage lovers.
5. Lucia Rizal, 62 (1857-1919)
Was the fifth in the family.
She married Mariano Herbosa of
Calamba, Laguna.
Charged with inciting the Calamba
townsfolk not to pay land rent and
causing unrest, the couple was once
ordered to be deported along with some
Rizal family members.
Lucia’s husband died during the cholera
epidemic in May 1889 and was refused
a Catholic burial for not going to
confession since his marriage to Lucia.
6. Maria Rizal, 86 (1859-1945)
Was the sixth child in the family.
It was to her whom Jose talked about
wanting to marry Josephine Bracken
when the majority of the Rizal family
was not amenable to the idea.
Rizal had also brought up to Maria his
plans of establishing a Filipino colony in
North British Borneo.
Jose and Maria often wrote to each
other particularly when Jose was
studying abroad.
7. Concepcion Rizal, 3 (1862-1865)
Was the eighth child of the Rizal family.
She died at the age of three.
Of all his sisters, the young Pepe loved
most little Concha who was a year
younger than he.
8. Josefa Rizal, 80 (1865-1945)
Nickname “Panggoy”.
She was the ninth child in the family,
and Panggoy died a spinster (single).
After Jose was executed, Josefa joined
the Katipunan.
She was one of the original 29 women
admitted to the Katipunan along with
Gregoria de Jesus, wife of Andres
Bonifacio. They secured the secret
papers and documents of the society.
9. Trinidad Rizal, 83 (1868-1951)
Called as “Trining”.
The tenth child.
Died a spinster and the last of the
family to die.
Like Josefa and her two nieces Trinidad
joined the Katipunan after Rizal’s death.
Trinidad along with their mother, joined
Jose in Dapitan and resided with him in
his square house during his exile.
▪ A day before Jose’s
execution, Trining, and their
mother visited him at the Fort
Santiago prison cell.
▪ As they were leaving, Jose
handed over to Trining an
alcohol cooking stove, a gift
from the Pardo de Taveras,
whispering to her in a
language that the guards
could not understand, “There
is something in it.”
▪ That something was Rizal’s
elegy now as “Mi Ultimo
Adios.”
10. Soledad Rizal, 59 (1870-1929)
The youngest child
Married Pantaleon Quintero without the
consent of her parents.
Consider the black ship in their family.
She was a teacher and was probably
the best-educated among Jose’s
sisters, which made Jose very proud of
her.
The Childhood of a Phenom
• A phenom is someone who is exceptionally
talented or admired, especially an up-and-
comer.
• Jose Rizal’s first memory, in his infancy,
was his happy days in their family garden
when he was three years old.
▪ Because the young Pepe was
weak, sickly, and undersized, he
was given the fondest care by his
 parents, so his father built a nipa
cottage for Pepe to play in the
daytime.
▪ The memory of his infancy
included the nocturnal walk in the
town, especially when there was a
moon.
• At the early age of three, he started to take
a part in the family prayers; the daily Angelus
prayer in their home.
• At the age of five, the young Pepe learned
to read the Spanish family Bible, which he
would refer to later in his writings.
• When he was about six years old, his
sisters once laughed at him for spending
much time making clay and wax images.
• When Jose was seven years old, his father
provided him with the exciting experience of
riding a “casco” (a flat-bottomed boat with a
roof) on their way to a pilgrimage in Antipolo.
▪ The pilgrimage was to fulfill the
vow made by Jose’s mother to
take him to the Shine of the Virgin
of Antipolo should she and her
child survive the ordeal of the
delivery, which nearly caused her
life.
▪ As a gift, the child Jose received a
pony named “Alipato” from his
father.
▪ As a child, he loved to ride this
pony or take long walks in the
meadows and lakeshore with his
black dog named “Usman.”
• Before he was eight years old, he had
written a drama that was performed at a
local festival and for which the municipal
captain rewarded him with two pesos.
• The young Rizal was also interested in
magic.
• Some other influences of Rizal’s childhood
involved his three uncles:
▪ Tio Jose Alberto who inspired
him to cultivate his artistic ability.
▪ Tio Manuel who encouraged him
to fortify his frail body through
physical exercises.
▪ Tio Gregorio who intensified
Rizal’s avidness to read good
books
LESSON 5: RIZAL’S LIFE: HIGHER
EDUCATION
Education in Manila
• Don Francisco sent his son Jose for further
education to Manila in June 1872.
• Paciano found Jose a boarding house in
Intramuros though Jose later transferred to a
house on Calle Carballo in the Santa Cruz
area.
• In the following year, Jose transferred
residence to No. 6 Calle Magallanes.
• Two years later, he became an intern
(boarding student) at Ateneo and stayed
there until he graduated from the institution.
• From 1877 to 1882, Rizal studied at the
University of Santo Tomas, enrolling in the
course Philosophy and Letters, but shifted to
Medicine a year after.
• He boarded in the house of a certain Concha
Leyva in Intramuros, and later in Casa
Tomasina, his landlord and uncle of Antonio
Rivera had a daughter Leonor who became
Jose’s sweetheart.
Education at the Ateneo
• Formerly the Escuela Pia (Charity School); a
school for poor boys in Manila established by
the city government in 1817.
• Rizal took an exam in Colegio de San Juan
de Letran.
• Don Francisco sent him to enroll instead in
Ateneo Municipal de Manila in June 1872.
• Run by the Jesuit congregation.
• With the help of Manuel Xerez Burgos, the
nephew of the priest Jose Burgos, Rizal was
admitted to Ateneo despite objections from
some school administrators.
• Ateneo were divided into two groups.
▪ Roman Empire, comprised the
interns (boarders)
 ▪ Carthaginian Empire, consisted of
the externs (non-boarders).
▪ Dignitaries
Emperor - being the
highest position
Tribune
Decurion
Centurion
Standard-Bearer
• Rizal, grouped in the Carthaginian Empire,
was ranked at the bottom of the class at the
start of the term. But later on, attained the
rank of Emperor.
• The second-year Jose transferred residence
to No. 6 Calle Magallanes.
• He obtained a medal at the end of that
academic term. In the third year, he won
prizes in the quarterly examinations.
• At the end of the school year, he garnered five
medals.
• On March 23, 1877, he received the Bachelor
Rizal’s Great Loves
of Arts degree, graduating as one of the nine
students in his class declared “sobresaliente”
or outstanding.
• Some of his priest-professors at the Ateneo
were;
▪ Jose Bech, a man with mood
swings and somewhat of a lunatic
and uneven humor
▪ Francisco de Paula Sanchez, an
upright, earnest, and caring teacher
whom Rizal considered his best
professor
▪ Jose Vilaclara; and a certain
Mineves.
▪ Don Augustine Saez thoughtfully
guided him in drawing and painting.
▪ Romualdo de Jesus lovingly
instructed him in sculpture.
Education at the UST
• In 1877, Rizal enrolled at the University of
Santo Tomas, taking the course on
Philosophy and Letters.
• At the same time, however, he took at the
Ateneo a land surveyor and assessor’s
degree (expert surveyor), a vocational
course.
▪ He finished his surveyor’s training
in 1877.
▪ Passed the licensing examination
in May 1878.
▪ The license was granted to him only
in 1881 when he reached the age of
majority.
• After a year at UST, Jose changed course
and enrolled in Medicine to be able to cure the
deteriorating eyesight of his mother.
• He stopped attending classes at UST in 1882
due to the following reasons;
▪ Dominican professors were hostile
to him.
▪ Filipinos were vulnerable to racial
discrimination.
▪ The method of instruction was
obsolete and repressive.
1. Segunda Katigbak
Description: “She was rather short, with
eyes that were eloquent and ardent at times
and languid at others, rosy-cheeked, with an
enchanting and provocative smile that
revealed very beautiful teeth, and the air of a
sylph; her entire self-diffused a mysterious
charm.” - Rizal
Rizal’s Age: 16
How it started: They met at Brijida de
Quintos’ suburban house in Tronzo,
Batangas.
How it ended: Segunda was already
engaged to be married to her townmate,
Manuel Luz.
Love story: Jose Rizal was only a young boy
of sixteen (16) when he fell in love, and it was
with Segunda Katigbak, a girl from Lipa,
Batangas, and two years his junior. Rizal went
to Tronzo, Manila one day to visit his
grandmother. His friend, Mariano Katigbak,
accompanied him. Upon arrival at Lipa,
 Mariano’s sister Segunda was there at the old
woman’s house along with other guests. Rizal
was drawn to hear instantly.
2. Leonor Valenzuela
Description: Filipina neighbor at Rizal
boarding house in Intramuros - She was a tall
girl who carried herself with grace and
elegance.
Rizal’s Age: 17
How it started: Met her at the house of Dona
Concha Leyva in Intramuros, as his neighbor.
Rizal wrote letters using invisible ink. He then
taught her how to read the letters.
How it ended: Leonor married another man.
Love Story: When Rizal was a sophomore at
the UST and was boarding in the house of
Dona Concha Leyva in Intramuros he met
Leonor “Orang” Valenzuela, his next-door
neighbor and daughter of Capitan Juan and
Capitana Sanday Valenzuela.
3. Leonor Rivera
Description: “Tender as a budding flower
with kindly, wistful eyes.” - She was the
inspiration for the character of Maria Clara in
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
Rizal’s Age: 18
How it started: They were childhood
playmates
How it ended: In the autumn of 1890, Rizal
received a letter from Leonor telling him that
she was about to marry the man chosen by
her mother, Englishman Henry Kipping.
Love Story: Leonor was a young lady from
Camiling and a cousin of Jose Rizal. Leonor’s
father had provided room and board in Casa
Tomasina, Intramuros for Rizal when the
youth was still starting his third year at the
UST. The young girl was then a student at La
Concordia College where Solidad, Rizal’s
little sister was also studying
LESSON 6: RIZAL’S LIFE ABROAD
Education in Europe
• On May 3, 1882, Rizal left for Spain and
enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy, and
Letters at the Universidad Central de Madrid
on November 3.
• On the same day of November 1884, Rizal
was involved in the chaotic student
demonstrations by the Central University
students.
• The protest rallies started after Dr. Miguel
Morayta had been excommunicated by
bishops for delivering a liberal speech,
proclaiming the freedom of science and the
teacher at the opening ceremony of the
academic year.
• In June of 1884, Rizal received the degree of
Licentiate in Medicine at the age of 23.
▪ His rating though was just “fair” for
it was affected by the “low” grades
he got from UST.
• In the next school year (1884-1885), he took
and completed three additional subjects
leading to the Doctor of Medicine degree.
▪ He was not awarded the Doctor’s
diploma though for failing to pay the
fee and the required thesis.
▪ Exactly on his 24th birthday, Madrid
University awarded him the degree
of Licentiate in Philosophy and
Letters with the grade of “excellent”
(sobresaliente).
• Wanting to cure his mother’s advancing
blindness, Rizal went to Paris.
 ▪ He was said to have attended
medical lectures at the University of
Paris.
▪ From November 1885 to February
1886, he worked as an assistant to
Dr. Louis de Weckert, a french
ophthalmologist.
• On February 3, 1886, Rizal arrived in
Heidelberg, Germany.
▪ He attended the lecture of Dr. Otto
Becker and Professor Wilhelm
Kuehne at the University of
Heidelberg.
▪ He also worked at the University
Eye Hospital under the guidance of
Dr. Becker, a renowned German
ophthalmologist. Hence, Rizal
learned to use the then-newly
invented ophthalmoscope, which
he later used to operate on his
mother’s eye.
▪ In Heidelberg, the 25-year-old Rizal
completed his eye specialization.
• Afterward, Rizal spent three months in the
Wilhemsfeld, Germany - where he wrote the
last few chapters of Noli Me Tangere.
▪ He stayed at the pastoral house of
a kind Protestant pastor, Dr. Karl
Ullmer the whole family became
Rizal’s good friends.
▪ In August 1886, he attended
lectures on history and psychology
at the University of Leipzig.
• In November 1886, he reached Berlin,
Germany, the famous city.
▪ He worked as an assistant in Dr.
Schweigger’s clinic.
▪ Attended lectures at the University
of Berlin.
▪ In Berlin, he was inducted as a
member of Belin’s;
- “Ethnological Society”
- “Anthropological Society”
- “Geographical Society”
▪ In April 1887, he was invited to
deliver an address in German
before the “Ethnographic Society”
of Berlin on the orthography and
structure of the Tagalog language.
Life in Europe
• Went to Spain not only to complete his studies
but also to widen his political knowledge
through exposure to European governments.
• It is funny that his departure for Spain had
gone down in history as a “secret departure”,
although at least ten people-including his
three siblings and uncle-collaborated in his
going away, exclusive of the unnamed and
unnumbered Jesuit priests and intimate
friends who co-conspired in the plan.
• Rizal left the Philippines as part of a secret
pact with his brother Paciano.
• Only a few people aware of his departure, not
even his parents nor his lover Leonor Rivera
In Europe
• On his way to Madrid, Rizal had many
stopovers.
▪ He first disembarked and visited the
town of Singapore.
▪ Onboard the steamship “Djemnah,”
he passed through Punta de
Gales, Colombo, and Aden.
 ▪ En route to Marseilles, he went
across the historic waterway of the
Suez Canal and visited the Italian
city of Naples.
▪ He left Marseilles, France for
Barcelona on an express train.
▪ After some months, Rizal left
Barcelona for Madrid.
▪ On September 16, 1882, Rizal met
and befriend Consuelo Ortiga y
Rey - the prettiest of the daughter
of Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey - the
Spanish liberal and former mayor of
Manila who became vice-president
of the Council of the Philippines in
the Ministry of Colonies.
• Rizal enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy
and Letters at the Universidad Central de
Madrid on November 3, 1882.
• Ironically, a year after, Rizal became
penniless as his family encountered
economic regression.
• One day in June 1884, Rizal who failed to eat
breakfast still went to school and even won a
gold medal in a contest.
• Later that day he attended the dinner party
held in honor of two award-winning Filipino
painters, Juan Luna, and Felix
Resurreccion Hidalgo.
▪ On the occasion, he delivered a
very daring liberal speech
- Known today as “Rizal’s
Brindis Speech
- Became so
controversial that it
even caused sickness
to his worrying mother.
• In 1885, Rizal who had finished his two
courses in Madrid went to Paris, France.
▪ From November 1885 to February
1886, he worked as an assistant to
the celebrated ophthalmologist Dr.
Louis De Weckert.
• On February 3, 1886, he left Paris for
Heidelberg, Germany.
▪ He attended lectures and training at
the University of Heidelberg where
he was said to have completed his
eye specialization.
• Afterward, Rizal settled for three months in
the nearby village, Wilhemsfeld, at the
pastoral house of a Protestant pastor Dr. Karl
Ullmer.
• It was during this time (1886) that the
correspondence and long-distance friendship
between Jose and Ferdinand Blumentritt
began.
▪ Rizal wrote a letter in German and
sent it with a bilingual book
Aritmiteca to Blumentritt who was
interested in studying Jose’s native
language.
• Jose traveled next to Leipzig and attended
some lectures at its university.
• Having reached Dresden afterward, he met
and befriended Dr. Adoph B. Meyer - the
Director of the Anthropological and
Ethnological Museum.
- Also, Filipinologist
Meyer showed Rizal
some interesting things
 taken from tombs in the Rizal had previously made of
Philippines. himself and sent to Blumentritt.
• In November 1886, he went to Berlin and • On May 16, 1887, the two Filipino left
further enhanced his skills and knowledge in Leitmeritz for Prague where they saw the
ophthalmology. tomb of the famous astronomer Copernicus.
▪ Became a member of various • They stopped at Brunn on their way to
scientific communities and Vienna.
befriended many famed ▪ They met the famed Austrian
intellectuals at the time. novelist Norfenfals in Vienna, and
• On February 21, 1887, he finished his novel, Rizal was interviewed by Mr. Alder,
the Noli Me Tangere, and it comes off the a correspondent of the newspaper
press a month later. Extra Blatt.
• To see the sights of the Danube River, they
Grand Europe Tour left Vienna in a boat where they saw
• With his friend Maximo Viola, who loaned passengers using paper napkins.
him some amount to cover the Printing of the • From Lintz, they had a short stay in Salzburg
Noli Me Tangere, Rizal traveled to various Reaching Munich
places in Europe. ▪ They tasted the local beer
• Through Paciano‘s remittance, Jose had paid advertised as Germany’s finest.
Viola and decided to further explore some • In Nuremberg, they saw the infamous torture
places in Europe before returning to the machines used in the so-called Catholic
Philippines. Inquisition.
• They went first to see Postdam, a city • Afterward, they went to Ulm.
southwest of Berlin. ▪ Climbed Germany’s tallest
• On May 11, 1887, they left Berlin for Dresden cathedral there.
and witnessed the regional floral exposition • They also went to Stuttgart, Baden, and then
there. Rheinfall where they saw Europe’s most
• Wanting to see Blumentritt, they went to beautiful waterfall.
Leitmeritz, Bohemia passing through • In Switzerland, they toured Schaffhausen,
Teschen. Basel, Bern, and Lausanne before staying
▪ Professor Blumentritt warmly in Geneva.
received them at Leitmeritz railroad ▪ Rizal’s 15-day stay in Geneva was
station. generally enjoyable except when
▪ The professor identified Jose he learned about the exhibition of
through the pencil sketch, which some Igorots in Madrid, side by
side with some animals and plants.
 • On June 19, 1887, Rizal treated Viola for it
was his (Rizal) 26th birthday.
• Four days after they parted ways-Viola went
back to Barcelona while Rizal proceeded to
Italy.
• In Italy, Rizal went to see Turin, Milan,
Venice, and Florence.
• In Rome, he paid a visit to historical places,
like the Amphitheatre and the Roman Forum.
Taviel de Andrade, to protect the
balikbayan from his adversaries.
• In December 1887, the Calamba folks asked
for Rizal’s assistance in collecting information
as regards Dominican hacienda
management.
▪ It complied with the order of the
government to investigate the way
friar estates were run.

• On June 29, he had seen the famous ▪ So Rizal had objectively reported,

edifices, like St. Peter’s Church, in the among others, that Dominican

Vatican City. Order had arbitrarily increased the

land rent and charged the tenants
First Homecoming for non-existent agricultural
• From a French port in Marseilles, he boarded services.
the on July 3, 1887, steamer “Djemnah.” ▪ Enraged by Rizal’s reports, the
▪ It sailed to the East through the friars pressured the governor-
Suez Canal and reached Saigon on general to “advise” the author of the
the 30th of the month. Noli to leave the country.
• Rizal then took the steamer “Haiphong” and
reached Manila near midnight on August 5.
• After meeting some friends in Manila, he
returned to Calamba on August 8.
• Restoring his mother’s eyesight, he began to
be dubbed as “German doctor” or “Doctor
Uliman”
o Uliman – came from the
word “Aleman” which means
German.
• Because of his enemies’ allegation that his
“Noli” contained subversive ideas, Rizal was
summoned by Governor-General Emilio
Terrero.
▪ Seeing no problem in the book,
Terrero nonetheless assigned to
Rizal a bodyguard, Don Jose