The Integumentary System

A POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
BY:
Prayl Hope Napano
BS Psychology 1B
 Introduction
The integumentary system is a collection
of organs that constitute the body’s
external covering and defend it against a
variety of hazards including infection,
dehydration, abrasion, chemical assault,
and radiation damage.
Integument is skin
Skin and its appendages make up the
integumentary system
A fatty layer (hypodermis) lies deep to it

Two Distinct Regions

• Hypodermis
• Dermis
Functions of Skin:

• Protection
• Cushions and insulates and is waterproof
• Protects from chemicals, heat, cold, bacteria
• Screens UV

•Synthesizes vitamin D with UV

• Regulates body heat
• Prevents unnecessary water loss
• Sensory reception (nerve endings)
Epidermis
• Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Fou of
r Types Cells

• Keratinocytes – deepest, produce keratin (tough fibrous protein)

• Melanocytes – make dark skin pigment melanin
• Merkel cells – associated with sensory nerve endings
• Langerhans cells – macrophage-like dendritic cells
Epidermis
Layers (from deep to superficial)

• Stratum basale or germinativum – single row of cells

attached to dermis; youngest cells
• Stratum spinosum – spinyness is artifactual;
tonofilaments(bundles of protein) resist tension
• Stratum granulosum – layers of flattened keratinocytes
producinng keratin (hair and nails made of it also)
• Stratum lucidum (only on palms and soles)
• Stratum corneum – horny layer (cells dead, many layers
thick)
 Dermis
• Strong, flexible connective tissue: your “hide”
• Rich supply of nerves and vessels Cells Fibroblasts, Macrophages,
• Critical role in temperature regulation (the vessels) Mast Cells, WBC’s

Fiber Types
Collagen, Elastic, Reticular

Two Layers
1. Papillary – areolar connective tissue; includes
dermal papillae
2. Reticular – “reticulum” (network) of collagen
and reticular
fibers
 Fingerprints, Palm prints & Footprints

Collagen
🔍Dermal papillae lie atop derma
ridges
🔍 Elevate the overlying It’s strength and
Tension lines (or lines of epidermis into epidermal ridges resilience
🔍 Are “sweat films” because of
cleavage) sweat pores
🔍 Genetically determined
🔍 Flexion creases
The direction the bundles • Deep dermis, from continual
of fibers are directed folding Elastic Fibers
Stretch-recoil
> Striae – Stretch marks
Hypodermis

“Hypodermis” (Gk) = below the skin

“Subcutaneous” (Latin) = below the skin
Also called “superficial fascia”
“fascia” (Latin) =band; in anatomy: sheet of connective tissue
Fatty tissue which stores fat and anchors skin (areolar tissue and
adipose cells)
Different patterns of accumulation
(male/female)
Skin Color
Three Skin Pigments

Melanin Carotene
The From carrots
most and yellow vegies
important
- Melanin in granules passes from melanocytes (same
number in all races) to keratinocytes in stratum basale

• Digested by lysosomes
• Variations in color
Hemoglobin • Protection from UV light vs vitamin D.
The pink of light skin
Skin Appendages
Derived from epidermis but extend
into dermis.

INCLUDES:
● Hair and Hair follicles
● Sebaceous (oil) Glands
● Sweat (Sudoiferous) Glands
● Nails
Nails

Of hard keratin
• Corresponds to hooves and claws
• Grows from nail matrix
Hair and hair follicles: complex
Derived From Epidermis And Dermis
Everywhere But Palms, Soles, Nipples, Parts Of Genitalia
 Functions of hair Parts
*Warmth – less in man than other mammals *Root imbedded in skin
*Sense light touch of the skin *Shaft projecting above skin
*Protection - scalp surface

Three Concentric
Layers Make up of hair – hard keratin

*Medulla (core)
*Cortex (surrounds medulla)
*Cuticle (single layers, overlapping)
 Vellus: fine, short hairs
Types of Hair Intermediate hairs
Terminal: longer, courser hair

Averages 2 mm/week
Hair Growth Active: growing
Resting phase then shed

Thinning – age related

Hair loss
Male pattern baldness

Amount of melanin for black or brown; distinct

form of melanin for red
White: decreased melanin and air bubbles in the
Hair color
medulla
Genetically determined though influenced by hormones
and environment
 Sebaceous (oil) glands

🔍Entire body except palms

and soles

🔍Produce sebum by
holocrine secretion

🔍Oils and lubricates

Sweat Glands
🔍 Entire skin surface
except nipples and
part of external genitalia

🔍 Prevent overheating

🔍 500 cc to 12 l/day! (is

mostly water)
Types of sweat glands
🔍 Eccrine or merocrine
• Most numerous
• True sweat: 99% water, some salts, traces of waste
• Open through pores

🔍 Apocrine
• Axillary, anal and genital areas only
• Ducts open into hair follices
• The organic molecules in it decompose with time – odor

🔍 Modified apocrine glands

• Ceruminous – secrete earwax
• Mammary – secrete milk
 A multitude of diseases, ailments, and injuries
can affect the integumentary system. These can
range from irritating but usually benign
bacterial or fungal infections that are classified
as diseases to lethal skin cancer and serious
burns. They are shown in the next slide.
 How can we protect
our Integumentary
1. Maintain Healthy Digestion (especially avoid
constipation)
System?
2. Avoid Chemicals in Standard Cleaning Products
and Beauty Care Items
3. Eat Antioxidant foods and herbs
4. Eat foods for Healthy Hair
5. Eat food with Nutrients to Avoid Brittle Nails
6. Maintain Optimum Levels of Vitamin D3
7. Avoid Excessive Stress
 The health of our skin, hair, and nails
reflects the health of our interior organs. If
you're having problems with your
integumentary system, get to the bottom
of the problem for true, long-term
wellness!
and I, thank you!