ANAPHY LAB QUIZ o Protects the body from external agents

Integumentary and Tissue o Insulates and cushions deeper body

organs
o Protects the body from mechanical
damage, chemical damage, thermal
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM damage, ultraviolet radiation and
bacteria.
 Skin- largest organ in the body, it makes up 16% o Regulates heat loss from body surface
of the TBW (total body water). It covers the o Acts as a mini excretory system; urea,
entire surface of the body. salt, water are lost when we sweat
 Skin appendages- are skin-associated o Manufactures several protein for
structures that serve a particular function immunity
including sensation, contractility, lubrication o Storage of Vitamin D precursor
and heat loss o Contains cutaneous receptors that
o Sweat gland serve as sensors for touch pressure,
o Sebaceous gland temperature and pain.
o Hairs
o Nails PRINCIPAL LAYERS OF THE SKIN
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
Integumentary System
EPIDERMIS
o Superficial protective layer of the skin
o Composed of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
KERATINIZED EPITHELIUM that varies in
thickness
o All but the deepest layers of the epidermis are
composed of dead cells
o Composed of 4-5 layers, depending on its
location within the body
o Palms and soles have five layers because these
areas are exposed to most friction

Layers of the Epidermis

1. Stratum Basale
- Composed of single layer of cells in contact with
the dermis and basal lamina
- Inner most layer of epidermis
- Same number ng melanocytes maputi man o
maitim, melanin ung nagkakaiba
4 types of cells in the stratum basale
SKIN  Keratinocytes- principal cell types of
the epidermis, produce keratin which
- Also called “integument” which means covering
toughens and waterproofs the skin
- Functions of the skin
o Keeps water and other precious
molecules in the body.

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  Melanocytes- synthesize the pigment resulting in the formation of a callus for
melanin providing a protective barrier additional protection
to UV radiation from sunlight
 Merkels Cell (tactile cell)- aid in
tactile(touch) reception
 Langerhans Cell- non-pigmented
granular dendrocytes, protective
macrophagic cells that ingest bacteria
and other foreign debris, found
throughout the epidermis and upper
layer of the stratum spinosum, the
distinguishing characteristics is the
presence of rod shape granules called
BIRBECK GRANULES.
2. Stratum Spinosum (Spiny layer)
- Contains several stratified layer of cells
- Spiny appearance due to changed shape of
keratinocytes
- Distinguishing characteristics is the presence of
lamellated granules or membrane coating
granules
- This layer plus stratum basale are collectively
Coloration of the skin
called STRATUM GERMINATIVUM. - Caused by expression of a combination of 3
3. Stratum Granulosum (granular layer) pigments
- Consist of 3-4 flattened rows of cell 3 pigments:
1. Melanin- brown-black pigment produced by
- The cells appear granular due to the presence of the melanocytes of stratum basale
keratohyaline granules.
- Guards skin against damaging
4. Stratum Lucidum (clear layer) effect of ultraviolet rays of
- Nuclei, organelles and cell membranes are no sunlight
longer visible so this layer appears clear - Gradual exposure to sunlight
- Exist only in the lips and the thickened skin of promotes increased production
soles and palms and contains a translucent of melanin hence tanning of
substance called ELEIDIN. skin
Clinical Significance:
5. Stratum Corneum (hornlike layer)
 Albinism- there is
- Composed of 25-30 layers of flattened, scale normal number of
like anucleated cells which are continuously melanocytes but lacks
shed as flake like residues of cells the enzymes
- This layer is cornified and is the real protective TYROSINASE that
layer of the skin converts the amino acid
- Cornification is brought on by keratinization and tyrosine to melanin
the hardening, flattening process that takes  Freckles- aggregated
place as the cell die and pushed to the surface. patch of melanin
- Friction at the surface of the skin stimulates  Vitiligo- lack of
additional mitotic activity of stratum basale, melanocytes in
localized areas of the

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 skin causing distinct fibers in non-random
white spots pattern of arrangement
2. Carotene- a yellowish pigment found in the - surgical incision should be
epidermal cells and fatty parts of the dermis made parallel to Langer
- Abundant in skin of Asians lines to promote better
- Together with melanin, wound healing
accounts for the yellowish tan
color of asians Langer lines

3. Hemoglobin- not a pigment of the skin,

rather it is the oxygen binding pigment
found in RBC
- Oxygenated blood flowing
through the dermis gives
the skin its pinkish tones

Surface Patterns of Skin

1. Congenital Pattern
- Fingerprints or friction
ridges
- Present on palms and soles
- Formed by the pull of
elastic fibers within the
dermis
- Function is to prevent
slippage when grasping
objects
2. Acquired Lines
- deep flexion creases are
found on the palms DERMIS
- shallow flexion creases are
o deeper and thicker than the epidermis
seen on knuckles and
o a strong and stretchy envelope that helps to
surface of other joints
hold the body together
- furrows in the forehead and o blood vessels within the dermis nourish the
face(wrinkles) are acquired living portion of the epidermis
from continual contraction o with numerous collagenous elastic and reticular
of facial muscles, such as fibers that gives support to the skin
from smiling or squinting in o highly vascular and glandular
bright light or against the o contains many nerve endings and hair follicles
wind; facil lines become
more strongly delineated as Layers of the Dermis
person ages
3. Langer Lines 1. Papillary Layer
- in contact with the
- lines of tension in the skin
epidermis
produced by the orientation
- in account for about 1/5 of
of collagen and elastic
the entire dermis

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 - with numerous projections - Ducts usually empty into a
called DERMAL PAPILLAE, hair follicle but some open
that extends from the directly to the skin surface
upper portion of the dermis - Secretion is called sebum, a
into the epidermis mixture of oily substance
- some papillae house pain and fragmented cells that
receptors (free nerve keeps skin soft and moist
endings) and touch and prevents hair from
receptors (Meissner’s becoming brittle
corpuscle) - If the drainage pathway for
- dermal papillae form the sebaceous glands becomes
base for the friction ridges blocked, the glands may
on the fingers and toes. become infected resulting
2. Reticular Layer in acne
- Deepest skin layer - Sebum also contains
chemicals that kills bacteria
- Contains blood vessels,
sweat and oil glands, and - Becomes very active when
deep pressure receptors sex hormones are produced
(Pacinian corpuscles) in increased amount during
adolescence, thus skin is
- Many phagocytes are found
oilier during this period of
here; they engulf bacteria
life
that have managed to get
2. Sweat Glands
through the epidermis
- Also called sudoriferous
glands
- Widely distributed in the
skin; numerous in palms,
soles, axillary and public
regions
- Secretion evaporates and
cools the body

Two types of sweat glands

a. Merocrine Sweat Glands-
more numerous and found all
over the body especially
forehead, back, palms and soles
- secretion reaches skin
surface via a duct that
opens directly on surface of
skin through sweat pores
- secretion is mostly water
with few salts
GLANDS
b. Apocrine Gland- much larger,
1. Sebaceous (oil) Glands localized gland found in axillary
- Found all over the skin, and public regions where they
except on palms and soles secrete into hair follicles

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 - not functional until puberty
- secretion is thick and rich in
organic substances which is
odourless when released
but quickly broken down by
bacteria into substances
responsible for body odor
3. Mammary Glands
- Found within the breast
- Specialized sudoriferous or
sweat glands that secrete
milk during lactation
- Under the stimulus of the
pituitary gland (oxytocin
responsible sa paglabas ng
gatas sa boobs)
Parts of Hair
HAIR 1. Shaft- visible but dead portion of hair
- Characteristics of all projecting above surface of skin
mammals, but its 2. Root- enclosed in the follicle
distribution, function, 3. Hair bulb matrix- the growth zone and
density and texture varies contains melanocytes that gives color to the
across mammalian species. hair
- Humans are relatively
Layer of Hair in Cross Section
hairless, with only the scalp,
face, pubis, and axilla being 1. Medulla- inner part
densely haired 2. Cortex- the thick middle part
- Men have more obvious 3. Cuticle- covers cortex and forms toughened
hair because of the male outer portion
hormone
- Certain regions of the body
are hairless, like palm,
soles, lips, nipples, penis,
labia minora
- Primary function of hair is
for protection

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 Parts of Nails:
1. Nail body- visible and attached portion
2. Nail root- part of the nail covered by skin
3. Nail bed- where nail root and nail body are
attached
4. Free edge- the distal exposed border
attached to the undersurface of
hyponychium
5. Hyponychium- beneath the free edge
6. Eponychium(cuticle)- covers the nail root,
frequently splits causing a hangnail
7. Nail matrix- proximal part of the nail bed,
the growth area of the nail
8. Lunula- whitish crescent (half moon)
shaped area at the proximal aspect of nail
3 distinct kinds of hair in humans:
1. Lanugo- fine silky fetal hair that appears during
the last trimester of development
- Usually not evident on a
baby at birth unless it has
been born prematurely

2. Angora- grows continuously in length, as on

scalp, and on face of males
3. Definitive- grows to a certain length and the
ceases to grow
- Most dominant type of hair

NAILS
- Found on the distal dorsum
of each fingers and toes
- Forms from the hardened
transparent stratum HISTOLOGY: THE STUDY OF
corneum of the epidermis
- Fingernails grow at
TISSUES
approximately 1 mm per Tissue Level of Organization (4 primary tissue
week
types)
- Growth of toenails is slower
- Nails are transparent and  Epithelial (covering)
nearly colorless but they  Connective (support)
look pink because of the  Muscle (movement)
rich blood supply in the  Nervous (control)
underlying dermis

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Histology- microscopic study of tissues
EPITHELIUM or EPITHELIAL
TISSUE
Epithelium Characteristics
 Consists almost entirely of cells
 Covers body surfaces and forms glands
 Has free and basal surface
 Specialized cell contacts
 Avascular (characterized by or associated
with a lack of blood vessels.)
 Undergoes mitosis
Shapes of its cells
- squamous cell- flattened like fish scales (squam=scale), cells
are flat or scale-like
- cuboidal cell- are cube-shaped like dice, about as wide as
they are tall
- columnar cells- shaped like columns, taller than they are
wide
Types of Epithelium
1. Simple squamous epithelium- usually forms
membranes where filtration or exchange of
substances by rapid diffusion occurs. It is in the
air sacs of lungs forms serous membranes or
serosae

Functions of Epithelia
 Protecting underlying structures
 Acting as barriers
 Permitting the passage of substances
 Secreting substances
 Absorbing substances

In short

 Protection
 Absorption
 Filtration
 Secretion

Classification of Epithelium
2. Simple cuboidal epithelium- common in glands
 Simple- squamous, cuboidal, columnar (one
and their ducts (e.g. the salivary glands and
layer) consist of one layer of cells with each
pancreas) form walls of the kidney tubules and
extending from the basement membrane to the
covers the surface of ovaries
free surface
 Stratified- squamous, cuboidal, columnar
(more than one cell) consist of more than one
layer of cells, only one of which is attached to
the basement membrane
 Pseudostratified- columnar, special type of
simple epithelium it appears to be stratified but
it is not (false-psuedo) consists of one layer of
cells, with all cells attached to the basement
membrane.
 Transitional- cuboidal to columnar when not
stretched and squamouslike when stretched

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3. Simple columnar epithelium- single layer of tall
cells fit closely together, merong Goblet cells 5. Stratified cuboidal epithelium- typically has just
(which produce a lubricating mucus) lines 2 cell layers, fairly rare in the body, being found
digestive tract from the stomach to anus mainly in ducts of large glands

6. Stratified columnar epithelium-

4. Stratified squamous epithelium- most common

stratified epithelium in the body, found in sites
that receive a good deal of abuse or friction
such as esophagus, mouth and outer layer of
the skin

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7. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium- this
epithelium gives the false (pseudo) impression
that it is stratified, in absorption and secretion
Glandular Epithelium
Functional Characteristics:

o Cell layers and shapes

- Diffusion, filtration, secretion,
absorption, protection
o Cell surfaces
- Microvilli: increase surface area
absorption or secretion
- Cilia: move materials across cell surface
o Cell connections
- Desmosomes, tight, gap
o Glands- consists of one or more cells that make
and secrete a particular product. Product is
called secretion
- Exocrine: have ducts
- Endocrine: have no ducts
8. Transitional epithelium- highly modified
Endocrine glands- lose their connection to the
stratified squamous epithelium that forms the
surface (duct); thus they are often called
lining of only a few organs- the urinary bladder,
ductless glands. Eg. Thyroid, adrenals and
ureters and part of urethra.
pituitary

Exocrine glands- retain their ducts, and their

secretions empty through the ducts to the
epithelial surface. Includes sweat and oil glands,
live and pancreas
- Single gland cell in epithelium
 Unicellular (goblet cells in large
and small intestine and
respiratory passages)

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 - Enclosing and separating as capsules
around organs
- Connecting tissues to one another as
tendons and ligaments
- Supporting and moving as bones
- Storing as fat
- Cushioning and insulating as fat
- Transporting as blood
- Protecting as cells of the immune
system

Connective Tissue Cells

- Specialized cells produce the extracellular
matrix
o Suffixes
 -blasts: create the matrix
EXOCRINE GLANDS AND SECRETION TYPES  -cytes: maintain the matrix
 -clasts: break the matrix down
a. Merocrine- sweat glands for remodelling
b. Apocrine- mammary glands - Adipose or fat cells
c. Holocrine- sebaceous glands - Mast cells that contain heparin and histamine
- White blood cells that respond to injury or
infection
- Macrophages that phagocytize or provide
protection
- Stem cells

Extracellular Matrix
- Components
o Protein fibers
 Collagen which is most
common protein in body
 Reticular fill spaces
between tissues and organs
 Elastic returns to its original
shape after distension or
compression
CONNECTIVE TISSUE o Ground substance
 Shapeless background
- Abundant o Fluid
- Consists of cell separated by
extracellular matrix Connective Tissue Categories
- Diverse
 Embryonic or Mesenchyme
- Performs variety of important functions
o Germ Layers
 Endoderm
 Inner layer
Functions of Connective Tissue

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  Forms lining of birth and
yellow
digestive tract and with age
derivatives - Brown
 Mesoderm  Found
only in
 middle layer specific
 forms tissue as muscle, areas of
bone, blood vessels body as
 Ectoderm axillae,
neck and
 Outer layer near
 Forms skin and kidneys
neuroctoderm  Reticular tissue
 Adult  Forms framework
o Loose- Loose Connective Tissue of lymphatic tissue
 also known as areolar tissue  Characterized by
 loose packing material of most network of fibers
organs and tissues and cells
 attaches skin to underlying
tissues
 contains collagen, reticular, o Cartilage
elastic fibers and variety of cells  composed of chondrocytes
o Dense- Dense Connective Tissue located in spaces called lacunae
 Dense regular  Next to bone firmest structure
 Has abundant collagen in body
fibers  Types of cartilage
- Tendons:  Hyaline Cartilage
connect - found in areas
muscles to for strong
bones support and
- Ligament: some flexibility
connect bones  Rib cage
and
to bones
cartilage
 Dense regular elastic
in
 Ligaments in vocal folds trachea
 Dense irregular and
 Scars bronchi
 Dense irregular collagenous - Forms most of
 Forms most of skin demis skeleton before
 Dense irregular elastic replaced by
 In walls of elastic arteries bone in embryo
o Connective tissue with special - Involved in
properties growth that
 Adipose Tissue increases bone
 Consists of adipocytes length
 Types  Fibrocartilage
- Yellow(white) - Slightly
 Most compressible
abundant,
and very tough
white at

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 - Found in areas
of body where
NERVOUS TISSUE
a great ideal of
 Found in brain, spinal cord and nerves
pressure is  Ability to produce action potentials
applied to  Cells
joints o Nerve cells or neurons
 Knee,  Consist of dendrites, cell body,
jaw, axons
between  Consist of multipolar, bipolar,
vertebra unipolar
e o Neuroglia or support cells
 Elastic Cartilage
- Rigid but elastic
properties
 External
ears,
epiglotti
s
o Bone
 Hard connective tissue that
consist of living cells and
mineralized matrix
 Organic and inorganic
 Types
 Cancellous or spongy
bone
 Compact bone
o Blood
 Matrix between the cell is liquid
 Homopoietic tissue
 Forms blood cells
 Found in bone marrow
- Yellow
- Red

MUSCLE TISSUE
 Characteristics
o Contracts or shortens with force
o Moves entire body and pumps blood
 Types
o Skeletal
 Striated and voluntary
o Cardiac
 Striated and voluntary
o Smooth
 Nonstriated and involuntary

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