ANAPHY LAB REVIEWER

 Midcornal plane –equally

into anterior and posterior
portion
 Oblique – angle
 Cephalic – towards the
head
 Caudal – away from the
head
ABDOMINAL REGIONS BODY POSITION

BODY HABITUS

sim’s
LANDMARKS OF SKULL
 Skin conditions SKELETAL SYSTEM

 PALLOR – illness, emotional shock, stress, stimulant use, anemia.  ORTHOPEDICS

Paleness. - correction of deformities of bones or muscles.
 CYNOSIS – Inadequate oxygenation of blood. PURPLE  ORTHODONTICS
 JAUNDICE – Liver disease - correction of malpositioned teeth and jaws.
 REDNESS – skin burns, infection, heat rush  PAGETS
- A chronic bone disorder that typically results in enlarged,
deformed bones
 ACROMEGALY
- abnormal growth of the hands, feet, and face
 SINUSITIS
- inflammation of a nasal sinus.
 RUNNER’S KNEE
- pain around the kneecap or patella
 CLUBFOOT
- both feet are rotated inwards and downwards
 FLATFOOT-
foot has an arch that is lower than usual.
 SPINA BIFIDA
- incomplete closing of the backbone and membranes around the
spinal cord
 LAMINECTOMY -
surgical operation to remove the back of one or more vertebrae
 BURAITIS
- inflammation and swelling of a bursa
 WHIPLASH INJURY
- occurs to a person's neck
CRANIUM 8 BONES COMMON FRACTURES

1. OPEN - broken bones protrude through the skin

2. COMMINUTED – bone is splintered crushed
3. GREENSTICK – partial fracture
4. IMPACTED – one end of bone forcefully driven interior of the other
5. POTT- on the distal end of the leg bone
6. COLLES- lateral forearm

Disorder : Homeostatic imbalance

 BONE SCAN – DIAGNSTIC PROCEDURE
1. OSTEOPOROSIS – Bone resorption outpaces bone deposition
2. OSTEOATHRITIS – degeertion of articular cartilage
3. OSTEOMYELITIS- infection of bone
4. OSTEOPENIA- Reduce bone mass
5. OSTEOSACROMA – Bone cancer
OSTEOLOGY- scientific study of bony structure
SUTURES: immovable joint
OSSIFICATION – process of bone formation
1. CORONAL – Frontal and parietal
2. SAGITTAL- parietal and superior ml 2 FORMS:1.
3. LAMBDOID- parietal and occipital 1. INTRAMEMBRANOUS- w/I mesenchyme
4. SQUAMOUS – parietal and lateral l  Dev. Of ossification bone
 Calcification
 Formation of trabeculae
 Dev. Of periosteum
2. ENDOCHONDRAL- Replces cartilage w/ bone in the devng of
embryo
 Dev of cartilage model
 Growth of cartilage model
 Dev of primary ossification center
 Dev of medullary cavity
 Dev of secondary ossificaion center
 Form of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

COMPACT BONE

 CENTRAL CANAL- placed inside an osteon

 LAMELLAE – circular plates of mineralized extracellular
matrix
 LACUNAE- between lamellae, contains osteocytes
 CANALICULI- Radiating in all directions from the lacunae

SPONGY BONE
- also known as TRABECULAR/ CANCELLOUS bone tissue

 TRABECULAE – Consist of lamellae that are arranged in an irregular

pattern
MUSCULAR SYSTEM LOCATION OF FASCIA:

 Makes up 40-50% of total body weight  DEEP FASCIA - between adjacent muscles
 MYOLOGY- Scientific study of muscle  SUPERFICIAL - skin and muscle
 3 types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

FUNCTION OF MUSCULAR TISSUE:

 APONEUROAIA – thick fascia that connects two muscle bellies
 Maintains posture Eg: EPICRANIAL APONEUROSIS – connects muscle bellies of
 Produce movement occipitalis and frontalis to form one muscle : occipitofrontalis
 Stabilizes joint
 Generates heat MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY:
MUSCLE FIBER – most important component of skeletal muscle;
PROPERTIES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE: also called muscle cell; diameter: 10- 100 micrometer
length : 10cm
1. ELECTRICAL EXCITABILITY - respond to a certain stimuli
MYOBLAST- smallest mesodermal cells fused to become skeletal
2. CONTRACTILITY – ability to to contract and generates tension
muscle fiber
3. EXTENSIBILITY – ability to stretch w/o being damage
SARCOLEMMA – plasma membrane of the muscle;
4. ELASTICITY – ability to return to original shape
TRANSVERSE TUBULES- tunnel in from the surface toward the
GROSS ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE: center of each muscle fiber
MYOFIBRILS- contractile oragnelles of skeletal
 Connective tissue surrounds and protects the mt SACROPLASMIC RETICULUM – fluid that encircle each myofibrils has
 FASCIA- lines the body wall and limbs supports and surround dilated end saxs called terminal cisterns
muscles; ct sheets TRIAD – composed of two trnsverse tubules and two terminal
-hold muscle, allow free movemnt of muscle, carries nerve, bv, and cisterns
lymphatic vessel, fill spaces between muscles
 EPIMYSIUM – wrapped around the entire muscle; blends with fascia
 PERIMYSIUM- surrounds bundles of muscle fibers known fasicle.;
contains bv and nerve supply to fascicle
 ENDOMYSIUM – wrapped ariund each individual muscle cells;
separates individual muscle fiber from one another