GOOD MORNING

07/25/2021
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
MAXILLA

PRESENTED BY:
Dr. YASHIKA KALYANI
1ST YEAR POSTGRADUATE
DEPT. OF PERIODONTOLOGY

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 DEFINITIONS OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
According to Todd: “Growth is an increase in size &
Development is progress towards
maturity”
According to Profit: “Growth is defined as and increase
in size and number and development is
increase in maturity”
According to Moyers: “Growth is normal changes in
amount of living substance and
development refers to all naturally
occurring, progressive, unidirectional,
sequential changes in the life of an
individual from its existence as a single cell
to its elaboration as a multi functional unit,
terminating in death” 3
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 Mechanism Of Bone Growth
•Bone is a specialized tissue of mesodermal origin. It forms

the structural framework of the body.

•Bone is calcified tissue that supports the body & gives points of
attachment to the musculature.

•Normal bone contains between 32-36% of organic matter.

•Growth movements are of 3 types:-

-Bone deposition & resorption
-Cortical drift
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-Displacement 07/25/2021
 TYPES OF OSSIFICATION
Accordingly 2 types of bone growth ossification are
normally seen.

1. Intramembranous ossification: The

transformation of mesenchymal connective
tissue usually in membranous sheets, into the
osseous tissue. (with no intermediate cartilage
formation)

Seen in bones of calvaria, facial skeleton(maxilla

and mandible).

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2. Endochondral ossification: The conversion
of hyaline cartilage prototype models into bone.

This type of bone formation is seen in the bones

associated with movable joints and some parts
of cranial base.

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Growth and development of an individual can be

divided into PRENATAL & the POSTNATAL periods.

The pre-natal life can be arbitrarily divided into

three periods.

1. Period of the Ovum

2. Period of the Embryo

3. Period of the 7
Fetus 07/25/2021
Period of the ovum:
This period extends for a period of
approximately two weeks from the time of fertilization.
During this period the cleavage of the ovum and the
attachment of the ovum to the intra-uterine wall
occurs.

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Period of the embryo:
This period extends from the fourteenth day to the fifty sixth
day of intra-uterine life.

During this period the major part of the development of the

facial & the cranial region occurs.

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Period of the fetus:
This phase extends between the fifty sixth
day of intra-uterine life till birth. In this period ,accelerated
growth of the cranio-facial structures occurs resulting in an
increase in their size. In addition, a change in proportion
between the various structures also occurs

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PRENATAL GROWTH OF MAXILLA

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•Around the fourth week of intra-uterine life, a prominent bulge appears on

the ventral aspect of the embryo corresponding to the developing brain.

•Below the bulge a shallow depression which corresponds to the primitive

mouth appears called “ STOMODAEUM”.

•The of the stomodeum is

floor
the buccopharyngeal
formed
which separates
by
stomodeum from
the the foregut.
membrane
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By around the 4th week of intra-uterine life, five branchial
arches form in the region of the future head & neck.

Each of these arches gives rise to muscles, connective tissue,

vasculature, skeletal components & neural components of the
future face.

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The first branchial arch plays an important role in the
development of the naso- maxillary region.

The mesoderm covering the developing forebrain proliferates &

forms a downward projection that overlaps the upper part of
stomodeum .This downward projection is called “FRONTO-
NASAL PROCESS”.

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The stomodeum is thus overlapped superiorly by the fronto-
nasal process. The mandibular arches of both
The sides form the lateral walls of the stomodeum.

The mandibular arch gives off a bud from its dorsal end called
the “MAXILLARY PROCESS”.

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The maxillary process grows ventro-medio-cranial to the main
part of the mandibular arch which is now called the
“MANDIBULAR PROCESS”.

Thus at this stage the primitive mouth or stomodeum is

overlapped from above by the frontal process,below by the
mandibular process & on either side by the maxillary process.

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The ectoderm overlying the fronto-nasal process shows bilateral localized
thickenings above the stomodeum. These are called the “NASAL
PLACODES”.These placodes soon sink and form the nasal pits.
The formation of these nasal pits divides the fronto-nasal process into two
parts:
a) The medial nasal process &
b) The lateral nasal process

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The two mandibular processes grow medially & fuse to form
the lower lip & lower jaw.

As the maxillary processes become narrow so that the two

nasal pits come closer. The line of fusion of the maxillary
process & the medial nasal process corresponds to the naso-
lacrimal duct.

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 DEVELOPMENT OF PALATE
The palate is formed by the contribution of:
• Maxillary process.
•Palatal shelves given off by the maxillary process
• Fronto-nasal process

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 PRIMARY PALATE
•By the fusion of the maxillary and nasal processes in the roof of the
stomodeum the primitive palate (or primary palate) is formed,
and the olfactory pits extend backward above it.

• It consists of the maxillary process and medial nasal process.

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 SECONDARY PALATE

The development of the secondary palate commences in

the sixth week of human embryological development. It is
characterised by the formation of two palatal shelves on
the maxillary prominences

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•As the palatal shelves grow medially their, their union is prevented
by the presence of tongue

•Initially the developing palatal shelves grow vertically toward the

floor of mouth

•During 7th week of intrauterine life, a transformation in the position

of the palatine shelf occurs

• They change from a vertical to a horizontal position

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•The 2 palatal shelves, by 8 ½ weeks of intra uterine life are in
close approximation to each other
•Initially the 2 palatal shelves are covered by an epithelial lining.
As they join the epithelial cells degenerate
•Initially the contact occurs in the central region of the secondary
palate posterior to the premaxilla
• From this point, closure occurs both anteriorly and posteriorly

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 OSSIFICATION OF PALATE
•Ossification of the palate occurs from the 8th week of
intra- uterine life. This is an intramembranous type of
ossification

•The palate ossifies from a single centre derived from the

maxilla

•The most posterior part of the palate does not ossify. This
forms the soft palate

• The mid palatal suture ossifies by 12-14 yrs

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POST NATAL GROWTH OF
MAXILLA

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.The
growth of naso-maxillary complex is
produced by the following mechanisms:

• Displacement
• Growth at sutures
• Surface remodelling

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 Displacement
DISPLACEMENT

It is the movement of the whole bone as a unit.

Displacement can be of two types:-

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1. Primary displacement:
It occurs by the growth of maxillary tuberosity in a posterior
direction. This results in whole maxilla being carried
anteriorly. The amount of this forward displacement equals
the amount of posterior lengthning. This is primary type of
displacement as the bone is displaced by its own
enlargement.

PRIMARY DISPLACEMENT
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2.Secondary displacement:
A passive or secondary displacement of the naso-
maxillary complex occurs in a downward and forward
direction as the cranial base grows

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 GROWTH AT SUTURES

The maxilla is connected to the cranium and cranial base

by a number of sutures. These sutures include:
• Fronto-nasal suture
• Fronto-maxillary suture
• Zygomatico-maxillary suture
• Zygomatico-temporal suture
• Pterygopalatine suture

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Sutures are oblique and parallel to each other. This allows the downward
and forward repositioning of maxilla as growth occurs at these sutures. As
growth of surrounding soft tissue occurs, the maxilla is carried downwards
and forward. This leads to opening up of space at the sutural attachments.
New bone is formed on either side of the suture. Thus the overall size of the
bones on either side increases. 31
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 SURFACE REMODELING

Remodeling occurs by bone deposition &

resorption to bring about:

a) Increase in size
b) Change in shape
c) Change functional
relationship

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 Bone deposition & resorption:
Bone changes in shape & size by two basic mechanisms,
bone deposition & bone resorption. The bone deposition &
resorption together is called “ BONE REMODELING”.
The changes that bone deposition & resorption can produce
are:
Change in size

• Change in shape
• Change in proportion
• Change in
relationship of the
• bone with adjacent 33

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structures.
Bone remodeling seen in the midfacial region

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Bone remodeling of the palate resultingin its
downward displacement

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Growth of the palate exhibiting V pattern of growth

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 EXPANDING “V” PRINCIPLE OF MAXILLA

As the maxilla descends, transversely, additive growth on the free ends

increases the distance between them. The buccal segments move
outward and downward, as the maxilla itself is moving downward and
forward, following the principle of expanding

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CLINICAL CO-RELATION

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REFRENCES:
 Inderbir Singh’s Human Embryology,
11th edition, Jaypee Publications.
 Textbook of Clinical Embryology,
Vishram Singh, 1st edition, Elsevier
Publications.
 Langman’s Medical Embryology, T.W.
Sadler, 12th edition, Wolters Kluwer.
 Textbook of orthodontics, S Gowri
Shankar, 1st Edition, Paras Medical
Publisher
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THANK YOU

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