HYSTOLOGY OF

CARTILAGE AND BONE

BAGIAN ANATOMI- HISTOLOGI FK UMSU
TAHUN 2021
DR. DES SURYANI, M. BIOMED
TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN

• Menjelaskan histogenesis tulang

• Menjelaskan tipe tulang rawan
• Menjelaskan sel yang terdapat pada tulang rawan
• Menjelaskan histologi sendi dan tulang rawan
• Menjelaskan struktur umum dari tulang
• Menjelaskan tipe tulang
• Menjelaskan sel-sel tulang
• Menjelaskan proses ossifikasi
• Menjelaskan biologic mineralization and matrix vesicles
• Menjelaskan biologi pertumbuhan, remodeling dan perbaikan tulang
CARTILAGE
OVERVIEW

• Cartilage and bone are both specialized connective tissues

• have cells that are specialized to secrete the matrix in which, subsequently, the cells
become trapped.
• Most of the long bones of the body are formed first in the embryo as cartilage, which then
acts as a template that is later replaced by bone (endochondral bone formation &
intramembranous bone formation)
• Cartilage possesses cells called chondrocytes, which occupy small
cavities called lacunae within the extracellular matrix they secreted.
• neither vascularized nor supplied with nerves or lymphatic vessels
• receive their nourishment from blood vessels of surrounding connective
tissues by diffusion through the matrix
• perichondrium is a connective tissue sheath covering that overlies most
cartilage (inner & outer layer). Vascular (+)
• The flexibility and resistance of cartilage to compression permit it to
function as a shock absorber,
• smooth surface permits almost friction-free movement of the joints of the
body (articulating surfaces of the bones).
FUNCTION

• Cartilage is important for:

• Skeletal support in the embryo prior to the development of the bony
skeleton.
• Elongation of developing long bones (endochondral ossification).
• Articulating joints (articular cartilage).
• Flexible support in the ear and eartubes, and in the larger tubes of the
respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi).
CARTIGE

• Hyaline cartilage is characterized by matrix containing type II collagen fibers, GAGs,

proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins.
• • Elastic cartilage is characterized by elastic fibers and elastic lamellae in addition to the
matrix material of hyaline cartilage.
• • Fibrocartilage is characterized by abundant type I collagen fibers as well as the matrix
material of hyaline cartilage.
Hyaline
Cartilage of
bronkhus
MATRIX HYALIN CARTILAGE

• is composed of type II collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and extracellular fluid

• but types IX, X, and XI and other minor collagens are also present in small quantities.
• The territorial matrix, is poor in collagen and rich in chondroitin sulfate, basophilic and intense
staining with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent.
• The interterritorial matrix, which is richer in type II collagen and poorer in proteoglycans than the
territorial matrix.
• Pericellular capsule : a small region of the matrix, immediately surrounding the lacuna, a fine
meshwork of collagen fibers embedded in a basal lamina-like substance, may protect chondrocytes
from mechanical stresses.
 Effects of Hormones and Vitamins on Hyaline Cartilage
Hormone Effect
Thyroxine, testosterone, and somatotropin Stimulate cartilage growth and matrix
(via insulin-like growth factors) formation
Cortisone, hydrocortisone, and estradiol Inhibit cartilage growth and matrix
formation
Vitamin
Hypovitaminosis A Reduces width of epiphyseal plates
Hypervitaminosis A Accelerates ossification of epiphyseal
plates
Hypovitaminosis C Inhibits matrix synthesis and deforms
architecture of epiphyseal plate, leading to
scurvy
Absence of vitamin D, resulting in deficiency Proliferation of chondrocytes is normal but
in absorption of calcium and phosphorus matrix does not become calcified properly,
resulting in rickets
SEL TULANG RAWAN
Chondrogenic cells Chondroblasts Chondrocytes
• spindle-shaped, that are • derived from two sources: • are chondroblasts that are surrounded
derived from mesenchymal cells (the by matrix.
mesenchymal cells. center of chondrification) • Those near the periphery are ovoid,
• An ovoid nucleus with and chondrogenic cells • Those deeper are more rounded.
one or two nucleoli. (inner cellular layer of the • Histological processing creates
• Cytoplasm is sparse, a perichondrium (as in artifactual shrinkage and distortion of
small Golgi apparatus, a appositional growth)). the cells.
few mitochondria, some • are plump, basophilic • display a large nucleus, a prominent
profiles of RER, and an cells , a rich network of nucleolus,
abundance of free RER, a well-developed • Organelles of protein-secreting cells.
ribosomes. Golgi complex, numerous
mitochondria, and an • Young chondrocytes have a pale-
• These cells can
abundance of secretory staining cytoplasm with many
differentiate into both mitochondria, an elaborate RER, a
chondroblasts and vesicles.
well-developed Golgi apparatus, and
osteoprogenitor cells. glycogen.
• Older chondrocytes, relatively
quiescent, display a greatly reduced
complement of organelles, with an
abundance of free ribosomes.
HISTOGENESIS
CARTILAGE
• Appositional
• Tumbuh dari luar
• Condroblas di
perikondrium
mensekresi matrik

• Intertisial
• Tumbuh dari dalam
• Condrosit yang sudah
ada membelah dam
mensekresi matrik
KORELASI
KLINIS
CHOROSARKOM
Pertumbuhan condrosit tidak
Aterkontrol, ukuran sel besar,
dan tak seragam.
ELASTIC CARTILAGE

• The presence of elastic fibers (outer layer), elastic

cartilage is somewhat yellow and is more opaque.
• The matrix possesses abundant, fine to coarse branching
elastic fibers interposed with type II collagen fiber
bundles.
• The chondrocytes are more abundant and larger than
those of hyaline cartilage.
• The matrix is not as ample as in hyaline cartilage, and
the elastic fiber bundles of the territorial matrix are
larger and coarser than those of the interterritorial matrix
FIBROCARTILAGE

• Does not possess a perichondrium and its matrix includes type I collagen
• is present in intervertebral disks, in the pubic symphysis, in articular disks,
and attached to bone.
• It is associated with hyaline cartilage and with dense connective tissue.
• displays a scant amount of matrix (rich in chondroitin sulfate and dermatan
sulfate), and exhibits bundles of type I collagen, which stain acidophilic.
• Chondrocytes are often aligned in alternating parallel rows with the thick,
coarse bundles of collagen, which parallel the tensile forces attendant on
this tissue
• Chondrocytes usually arise from fibroblasts. As the ground substance
surrounds the fibroblast, the cell becomes incarcerated in its own matrix
and differentiates into a chondrocyte
SENDI

• Sendi adalah daerah tulang yang ditutupi dan dikelillngi oleh jaringan ikat yang
berperan menahan tulang dan menentukan jenis dan derajat pergerakan di
antaranya
• Sinartrosis : sendi mati (jaringan ikat, tulang rawan, tulang). Persendian ini
menyatukan iga 1 ke sternum dan menghubungkan tulang-tulang tengkorak
satu dengan yang lain.
• Diartrosis (persendian synovial) : dikelilingi dua lapis kapsul, membungkus
rongga sendi berisi cairan synovial, yaitu cairan kental tidak berwarna, kaya
akan asam hialuronat dan protein.
• Lapisan kapsul luar (fibrosa) : terdiri dari jaringan ikat padat fibrous yang kuat
• Lapisan kapsul dalam (synovial)
• Bagian luar tulang rawan hialin tidak ditutupi Perikondrium
SEL MEMBRAN SYNOVIAL

• Siniviosit Tipe A( mirip

makrofag)
• Sinoviosit tipe B( mirip
fibroblast) sintesis asam
hialuronat dan komponen lain
• Kapiler( endotel bertingkap)
OVERVIEW OF BONE

• Bone is a connective tissue characterized by a mineralized extracellular matrix

• The mineral is calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2].

• Bone matrix contains mainly type I collagen along with other matrix (noncollagenous) protein
• bone matrix is type I collagen and, to a lesser extent, type V collagen.
• matrix also contains : (noncollagenous) proteins that constitute the ground substance of bone.
• Proteoglycan macromolecules
• Glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, and keratan sulfate)
• Bone matrix contains lacunae connected by a network of canaliculi.
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF BONES

• Bone as an Organ
• Bones are the organs of the skeletal system; bone tissue
is the structural component of bones.
• Bone tissue is classified as either compact (dense) or
spongy (cancellous).
• Bones are classified according to shape; the location of
spongy and compact bone varies with bone shape.
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF BONES 2

• Outer Surface of Bones

• Bones are covered by periosteum,
• Two layer
• Fibrous layer
• Inner layer( osteoprogenitor cell

• The collagen fibers of the periosteum are arranged parallel to

the surface of the bone in the form of a capsule. structures
extend obliquely or at right angles to the long axis of the bone:
Sharpey’s fibers.
• Bones that articulate with neighboring bones possess movable
(synovial) joints.
• This cartilage is not covered with perichondrium
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF BONES 3

• Bone Cavities
• Bone cavities are lined by endosteum, a
layer of connective tissue cells that contains
osteoprogenitor cells
• The marrow cavity and the spaces in
spongy bone contain bone marrow.
osteogenic dan hematopoietic
TYPES OF BONE TISSUE

• Mature Bone
• Mature bone is composed of structural units called osteons (Haversian
systems).
- Serabut kolagen tersusun ritmis disebut Lamella
- Terdiri atas lapisan ( dalam ke luar):
1. lamella osteoni
2. lamella interstitialis
3. lamella circumferensia interna
4. lamella circumferensia externa
Saluran yang menghubungkan saluran Havers yang
berjalan melintang dan tidak dikelilingi lamella disebut
saluran VOLKMANN berfungsi sebagai saluran nutrien
TYPES OF BONE TISSUE 2

• Immature bone
• Bone tissue initially formed in the skeleton of a
developing fetus is called immature bone
• Collagen fiber arrangement, such bone is
designated nonlamellar.
• Relatively more cells per unit area than does
mature bone.
• The matrix of immature bone has more ground
substance
• cells in immature bone tend to be randomly
arranged
CELLS OF BONE TISSUE

• Osteoprogenitor Cells
• The osteoprogenitor cell is derived from mesenchymal stem cells.  key factor that
triggers differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells is a transcription factor called core
bindingfactor alpha-1 (CBFA1) or runtrelated transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). bone
morphogenic proteins (BMPs
• can differentiate into an osteoblast and secrete bone matrix

• Osteoblasts
• osteoblast is a versatile secretory cell that retains the ability to divide. It secretes both
type I collagen (which constitutes 90% of the protein in bone) and bone matrix
proteins
• in the light microscope by their cuboidal or polygonal shape and their aggregation
into a single layer of cells lying in apposition to the forming bone.
CELLS OF BONE TISSUE

• Osteocytes
• The osteocyte is the mature bone cell enclosed by bone matrix that was previously secreted
as an osteoblast
• Osteocytes are metabolically active and multifunctional cells that respond to mechanical
forces applied to the bone.
• The natural lifespan of osteocytes in humans is estimated to be about 10 to 20 years

• Osteoklas
- Sel raksasa / giant Cell
- Inti banyak, kromatin (+),
- Nukleolus (+ ),
- sitoplasma pucat
-Letak pd permukaan jar.tulang dan berada dlm Lakuna HOWSHIP
- Fx : berperan dlm resorpsi dan remodelling tulang
BONE FORMATION
• Intramembranous Ossification
- Jaringan tulang dibentuk langsung dari jaringan ikat ; membentuk jaringan primer tulang
- Proses osteogenesis : Fibroblas mesenkim
↓
Osteoblast
(produksi matriks osteokolagen)
↓
Matriks melingkupi osteosit
↓
Os membranaceum primer
↓
membentuk Tulang dan kanalikuli
ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATIO

• Initially, a hyaline cartilage model with the general shape

• The calcified cartilage matrix inhibits diffusion of
nutrients, causing the death of the chondrocytes in the
cartilage model.
• Mesenchymal stem cells migrate into the cavity along the
growing blood vessels
ENDOKONDRAL BONE FORMATION

• Proses osteogenesis perichondralis meninggalkan sisa jaringan kartilago pada perbatasan

diafisis dan epipisis (kartilago epipisis) sebagai tempat terjadi osteogenesis
endochondralis
• 5 zona penulangan osteogenesis endochondralis
1. Zona reservata/istirahat
2. Zona proliverata
3. Zona hipertropica
4. Zona resorbens
5. Zona ossificationis
 Zona resorbens
Zona calcificata

Osteogenesis cartilaginea

Zona reservata
Zona proliverata Zona hipertrophica

B-2 (10x10) Osteogenesis Cartilaginea

 Zona
proliferata

Zona resorbens

Zona Zona
hipertrofica kalsifikasi

Zona
cadangan

Osteogenesis Cartilaginea
REMODELING TULANG

• Remodeling tulang terjadi secara kontinu seumur hidup dan

melibatkan kombinasi sintesis dan penghancuran tulang.
• Kerja osteoklas terbentuk terowongan diisi oleh
osteopgrogenitor osteobloas terbentuk osteon baru
• Dewasa sehat, 5-10% tulang mengalami pergantian setiap
tahunnva.
• Variasi pada aktivitas remodeling menimbulkan variasi besar
pada ukuran osteon dan terbentuk lamel interstitisial
• During the development of new osteons, osteoclasts bore a
tunnel, the resorption cavity, through compact bone
FAKTOR YG MEMPENGARUHI PERTUMBUHAN
DAN REMODELING TULANG
• GH
• PTH
• Minerals
• >> calcium &phosphorus and << magnesium, fluoride& manganese.

• Vitamins
• Vitamin A menstimulus aktifitas osteoblasts
• Vitamin C dibutuhkan u synthesis collagen
• Vitamin D →meningkatkan absorbsi calsium dr makanan di usus ke
darah
• Vitamins K and B12 dibutuhkan untuk synthesis protein tulang
KORELASI KLINIS

• Defisiensi kalsium dalam diet atau defisiensi vit D pada anak  riketsia ( letter O atau X)
• Def kalsium pada dewasa: osteomalasia  penurunan kalsium pada matrik tulang
• Osteoporosis : tulang keropos tak seimbang antar kerja osteoblast dan osteoklas
• Cebol: Hormon GH kurang
• Gigantisme: hormone GH berlebih pada anak
• Akromengali: GH berlebih pd dewasa
• Dekasifikasi tulang PTH berlebih osteoklas bekerja berlebihan  bisa dihambat oleh kasitonin yg dihasilkan oleh sel
parafolikular
• Osteitis fibrosa cystica dengan peningkatan aktivitas osfeoklas hilangnya matriks tulang dan terjadi degenerasi fibrosa
• Osfeopetrosis: osteoklas tak berfungsi: tulang menjadi padat/ tdk ada ronnga
PERBAIKAN PATAH TULANG

• AKIBAT PATAH TULANG

• KERUSAKAN MATRIKS , SEL-SEL TULANG DAN PEMBULUH DARAH DI DEKAT GARIS PATAHAN
• PERDARAHAN YANG DIIKUTI PEMBEKUAN

• PROSES PERBAIKAN
• JARINGAN SELULER YANG MENGISI CELAH PATAHAN
• PEMBERSIHAN BEKUAN, SISA-SISA KERUSAKAN
• OSTEOGENESIS ENKHONDRAL:
• PEMBENTUKAN KARTILAGO DARI JARINGAN SELULER SEHINGGA MENGISI CELAH PATAHAN MEMBENTUK
KALUS
• KALUS TULANG MENGGANTI KALUS KARTILAGO
• PERIOSTEUM DAN ENDOSTEUM MENANGGAPI DENGAN PROLIFERASI FIBROBLAS SEHINGGA
TERBENTUK OSTEOGENESIS DESMALIS (SIMULTAN)
• SEL OSTEO-PROGENITOR DARI PERIOSTEUM & ENDOSTEUM BERUBAH MENJADI OSTEOBLAS KEMUDIAN
OSTEOSIT

• RESORBSI JARINGAN TULANG  remodeling

REFERENSI

• Janquera. Histologi Dasar dan atlas. Edisi 12, 2016.p 130-135

• Gartner. LP, Hiat. Jl, Strum. Jm. Essential biologi sel dan histologi ed 6. Alih bahasa
Gunawijaya. FA. bina rupa aksara. 2002.
• Ross and paulina. Cell sytoplasm. Histology A texs and atlas with corelatied cell and
molecular. 7 ed. Saunders Company. Philadelphia. 2016: p. 23-73