HYSTOLOGY OF

BONE
BAGIAN- HISTOLOGI FK UMSU
TAHUN 2022
DR. DES SURYANI, M. BIOMED
TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN

• Menjelaskan struktur umum dari tulang

• Menjelaskan tipe tulang
• Menjelaskan sel-sel tulang
• Menjelaskan proses ossifikasi
• Menjelaskan biologic mineralization and matrix vesicles
• Menjelaskan biologi pertumbuhan, remodeling dan perbaikan tulang

• Menjelaskan fisiologi aspec dari tulang

• Menjelaskan biologi bone repaire

 CONTENT
•GENERAL STRUCTURE OF BONES
•Bone as an Organ
•Outer Surface of Bones
•Bone Cavities
•TYPES OF BONE TISSUE
•Mature Bone
•Immature Bone
•CELLS OF BONE TISSUE
•Osteoprogenitor Cells
•Osteoblasts
•Osteocytes
•Bone-Lining Cells
•Osteoclasts
BONE FORMATION
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Growth of Endochondral Bone
Development of the Osteonal
(Haversian)System
BIOLOGIC MINERALIZATION AND
MATRIX VESICLES
PHYSIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF BONE
BIOLOGY OF BONE REPAIR
OVERVIEW OF BONE

• Bone is a connective tissue characterized by a mineralized extracellular matrix

• The mineral is calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2].

• Bone matrix contains mainly type I collagen along with other matrix (noncollagenous) protein
• bone matrix is type I collagen and, to a lesser extent, type V collagen.
• matrix also contains : (noncollagenous) proteins that constitute the ground substance of bone.
• Proteoglycan macromolecules
• Glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, and keratan sulfate)
• Bone matrix contains lacunae connected by a network of canaliculi.
STRUKTUR UMUM TULANG

• Tuang sebagai Organ

• Tulang adalah organ dari system rangka: jaringan tulang
merupakan komponen tulang.
• Jaringan tulang diklasifikasikan : tulang kompakta
(dense) dan tulang spongyosa (cancellous).
• Berdasarkan bentuk permukaan tulang:
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF BONES 2

• Outer Surface of Bones

• Bones are covered by periosteum,
• Two layer
• Fibrous layer
• Inner layer( osteoprogenitor cell

• The collagen fibers of the periosteum are arranged parallel to

the surface of the bone in the form of a capsule. structures
extend obliquely or at right angles to the long axis of the bone:
Sharpey’s fibers.
• Bones that articulate with neighboring bones possess movable
(synovial) joints.
• This cartilage is not covered with perichondrium
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF BONES 3

• Bone Cavities
• Bone cavities are lined by
endosteum, a layer of
connective tissue cells that
contains osteoprogenitor cells
• The marrow cavity and the
spaces in spongy bone contain
bone marrow. osteogenic dan
hematopoietic
TYPES OF BONE TISSUE

• Mature Bone
• Mature bone is composed of structural units called osteons (Haversian systems).
- Serabut kolagen tersusun ritmis disebut Lamella
- Terdiri atas lapisan ( dalam ke luar):
1. lamella osteoni
2. lamella interstitialis
3. lamella circumferensia interna
4. lamella circumferensia externa

Saluran yang menghubungkan saluran Havers yang berjalan

melintang dan tidak dikelilingi lamella disebut saluran

VOLKMANN berfungsi sebagai saluran nutrien

TYPES OF BONE TISSUE 2

• Immature bone
• Bone tissue initially formed in the skeleton of a
developing fetus is called immature bone
• Collagen fiber arrangement, such bone is
designated nonlamellar.
• Relatively more cells per unit area than does
mature bone.
• The matrix of immature bone has more ground
substance
• cells in immature bone tend to be randomly
arranged
CELLS OF BONE TISSUE

• Osteoprogenitor Cells
• The osteoprogenitor cell is derived from mesenchymal stem cells.  key factor that
triggers differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells is a transcription factor called core
bindingfactor alpha-1 (CBFA1) or runtrelated transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). bone
morphogenic proteins (BMPs
• can differentiate into an osteoblast and secrete bone matrix

• Osteoblasts
• osteoblast is a versatile secretory cell that retains the ability to divide. It secretes both
type I collagen (which constitutes 90% of the protein in bone) and bone matrix
proteins
• in the light microscope by their cuboidal or polygonal shape and their aggregation
into a single layer of cells lying in apposition to the forming bone.
CELLS OF BONE TISSUE

• Osteocytes
• The osteocyte is the mature bone cell enclosed by bone matrix that
was previously secreted as an osteoblast
• Osteocytes are metabolically active and multifunctional cells that
respond to mechanical forces applied to the bone.
• The natural lifespan of osteocytes in humans is estimated to be about
10 to 20 years

• Osteoklas
• Large, multinucleated cells derived from monocyte precursors are responsible for
the resorption of bone. As they remove bone, they appear to occupy a shallow
cavity, Howship’s lacuna (subosteoclastic compartment).
BONE FORMATION

• Intramembranous ossification arises in a richly

vascularized mesenchymal membrane where
mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts
(possibly via osteoprogenitor cells), which begin to
elaborate bone matrix, thus forming trabeculae of
bone.
• The surfaces of these trabeculae are populated with
osteoblasts.Frequently, an additional cell type, the
osteoclast, may be present.
• These large, multinucleated cells derived from
monocyte precursors are found in shallow
depressions on the trabecular surface (Howship’s
lacunae) and function to resorb bone.
• It is through the integrated interactions of these
cells and osteoblasts that bone is remodeled
ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATIO

• Initially, a hyaline cartilage model with the general shape

• The calcified cartilage matrix inhibits diffusion of
nutrients, causing the death of the chondrocytes in the
cartilage model.
• Mesenchymal stem cells migrate into the cavity along the
growing blood vessels
ENDOKONDRAL BONE FORMATION

• Proses osteogenesis perichondralis meninggalkan sisa jaringan kartilago pada perbatasan

diafisis dan epipisis (kartilago epipisis) sebagai tempat terjadi osteogenesis
endochondralis
• 5 zona penulangan osteogenesis endochondralis
1. Zona reservata/istirahat
2. Zona proliverata
3. Zona hipertropica
4. Zona resorbens
5. Zona ossificationis
 Zona resorbens
Zona calcificata

Osteogenesis cartilaginea

Zona reservata
Zona proliverata Zona hipertrophica

B-2 (10x10) Osteogenesis Cartilaginea

 Zona
proliferata

Zona resorbens

Zona Zona
hipertrofica kalsifikasi

Zona
cadangan

Osteogenesis Cartilaginea
REMODELING TULANG

• Remodeling tulang terjadi secara kontinu seumur hidup dan

melibatkan kombinasi sintesis dan penghancuran tulang.
• Kerja osteoklas terbentuk terowongan diisi oleh
osteopgrogenitor osteoblas terbentuk osteon baru
• Dewasa sehat, 5-10% tulang mengalami pergantian setiap
tahunnva.
• Variasi pada aktivitas remodeling menimbulkan variasi besar
pada ukuran osteon dan terbentuk lamel interstitisial
• During the development of new osteons, osteoclasts bore a
tunnel, the resorption cavity, through compact bone
INTERNAL REMODELING.

• The haversian canal system is being remodeled by what is known as a bone remodeling unit,
which has two components: resorption cavity (cutting zone) and lamellar formation (closing
zone).
• A resorption cavity is formed as osteoclasts
• Once the osteoclastic activity ceases, the osteoprogenitor cells divide, forming osteoblasts, which
manufacture lamellae of bone until a new haversian canal system is completed.
• The process of integrated bone resorption and bone replacement is known as coupling.
FAKTOR YG MEMPENGARUHI PERTUMBUHAN
DAN REMODELING TULANG
• GH
• PTH
• Minerals
• >> calcium &phosphorus and << magnesium, fluoride& manganese.

• Vitamins
• Vitamin A menstimulus aktifitas osteoblasts
• Vitamin C dibutuhkan u synthesis collagen
• Vitamin D →meningkatkan absorbsi calsium dr makanan di usus ke
darah
• Vitamins K and B12 dibutuhkan untuk synthesis protein tulang
KORELASI KLINIS

• Defisiensi kalsium dalam diet atau defisiensi vit D pada anak  riketsia ( letter O atau X)
• Def kalsium pada dewasa: osteomalasia  penurunan kalsium pada matrik tulang
• Osteoporosis : tulang keropos tak seimbang antar kerja osteoblast dan osteoklas
• Cebol: Hormon GH kurang
• Gigantisme: hormone GH berlebih pada anak
• Akromengali: GH berlebih pd dewasa
• Dekasifikasi tulang PTH berlebih osteoklas bekerja berlebihan  bisa dihambat oleh kasitonin yg dihasilkan oleh sel
parafolikular
• Osteitis fibrosa cystica dengan peningkatan aktivitas osfeoklas hilangnya matriks tulang dan terjadi degenerasi fibrosa
• Osfeopetrosis: osteoklas tak berfungsi: tulang menjadi padat/ tdk ada ronnga
PERBAIKAN PATAH TULANG

• AKIBAT PATAH TULANG

• KERUSAKAN MATRIKS , SEL-SEL TULANG DAN PEMBULUH DARAH DI DEKAT GARIS PATAHAN
• PERDARAHAN YANG DIIKUTI PEMBEKUAN

• PROSES PERBAIKAN
• JARINGAN SELULER YANG MENGISI CELAH PATAHAN
• PEMBERSIHAN BEKUAN, SISA-SISA KERUSAKAN
• OSTEOGENESIS ENDKHONDRAL:
• PEMBENTUKAN KARTILAGO DARI JARINGAN SELULER SEHINGGA MENGISI CELAH PATAHAN MEMBENTUK
KALUS
• KALUS TULANG MENGGANTI KALUS KARTILAGO
• PERIOSTEUM DAN ENDOSTEUM MENANGGAPI DENGAN PROLIFERASI FIBROBLAS SEHINGGA
TERBENTUK
• OSTEOGENESIS DESMALIS (SIMULTAN)
• SEL OSTEO-PROGENITOR DARI PERIOSTEUM & ENDOSTEUM BERUBAH MENJADI OSTEOBLAS KEMUDIAN
OSTEOSIT
SENDI

• Sendi adalah daerah tulang yang ditutupi dan

dikelillngi oleh jaringan ikat yang berperan
menahan tulang dan menentukan jenis dan derajat
pergerakan di antaranya
• Bagian luar tulang rawan hialin tidak ditutupi
Perikondrium
SEL MEMBRAN SYNOVIAL

• Siniviosit Tipe A( mirip

makrofag)
• Sinoviosit tipe B( mirip
fibroblast) sintesis asam
hialuronat dan komponen lain
• Kapiler( endotel bertingkap)
REFERENSI

• Janquera. Histologi Dasar dan atlas. Edisi 12, 2016.p 130-135

• Gartner. LP, Hiat. Jl, Strum. Jm. Essential biologi sel dan histologi ed 6. Alih bahasa
Gunawijaya. FA. bina rupa aksara. 2002.
• Ross and paulina. Cell sytoplasm. Histology A texs and atlas with corelatied cell and
molecular. 7 ed. Saunders Company. Philadelphia. 2016: p. 23-73
• Sekian Terima kasih