Anatomy and Histology of Bones

Thomas Mathew
1st year pg
Orthopaedics department
Pushpagiri medical college
 Learning Objectives
• BONE COMPOSITION
• MICROSCOPIC BONE TYPES OR ON BASIS OF MATURITY
• TYPES OF BONES-MACROSCOPICALLY
• STRUCTURE OF BONES
• CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SHAPE
• BLOOD SUPPLY AND NERVE SUPPLY OF BONES
• CELLS OF BONE TISSUE
• FORMATION OF BONE IN AN EMBRYO
• Bones –Organs of skeletal system
• Bone Tissue-Structural component of bones

Functions
• Attachment site
• Protection
• Reservoir
• Hematopoesis
 BONE COMPOSITION

ORGANIC PHASE
•
INORGANIC PHASE
COLLAGEN – TYPE I (MAJOR) AND IV – TENSILE STRENGTH • CALCIUM HYDROXYAAPATITE
• PROTEOGLYCANS -COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH • OSTEOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE
• NON COLLAGEN PROTEINS • MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
• CELLS • FLURIDE AND SULFATE

WATER - 5 %
COLLAGEN

“OSTEOID” BEFORE MINERALIZATION

MINERALIZATION AT ENDS (HOLE ZONES) AND
ALONG SIDES (PORES) OF FIBRES

PROTEOGLYCAN
HYALURONIC ACID BACKBONE WITH
MULTIPLE GAGS (CHONDROITIN AND
KERATIN BRANCHES

NON COLLAGEN PROTEINS- OSTEOCALCIN –

INDICATOR BONE TURNOVER PAGETS DISEASE
OTHER-OSTEONECTIN OSTEOPONTIN

CELLS- OSTEOBLASTS OSTEOCYTES OSTEOCLASTS

 MICROSCOPIC BONE TYPES OR ON BASIS OF MATURITY

WOVEN BONES
IMMATURE OR PATHOLOGICAL
POORLY ORGANIZED
NOT STRESS ORIENTED

LAMELLAR BONES
MATURE BONE WOVEN BONES
WOVEN BONE LAMELLAR BONE
HIGHLY ORGANIZED WITH STRESS ORIENTATION
 TYPES OF BONES-MACROSCOPICALLY

TRABECULAR BONE

• CANCELLOUS OR SPONGY BONE

• HIGH BONE TURNOVER RATES

• OSTEOPOROSIS MORE COMMON

• Examples-vertebral bodies femoral neck distal radius tibial plateu

• Metaphysis and epiphysis of long bones

 TYPES OF BONES-MACROSCOPICALLY

CORTICAL BONE /COMPACT

• Strong dense bone

• Multiple osteons with interstitial lamellae

• Osteon-concentric bone lamellae with central canal (harvesian ) containing

osteoblasts(new bone formation) and arteriole supplying the canal

• Lamellae-connected by canaliculi

• Spaces –lacunae- osteocyte

 STRUCTURE OF BONES
Periosteum
outer fibrous sheath,connective tissue covering of bones
except articular surface

Two layers
• Outer fibrous
• Inner cellular (osteoprogenic) layer

Only few periosteal cells undergo division

and become osteoblasts
• Lacunae-spaces in bone matrix containing osteocyte where lamelle meet

• Canaliculi-osteocyte extend processes into these canals

communicate via gap junctions connect lacunae

• Interstitial lamellae –remnants of previous concentric lamellae

Fills gaps in osteon

• Circumferential lamellae follow inner and outer circumference of shaft of

long bone make the circumference of diaphysis

• Volkmanns canal (perforating canals)

Blood vessels and nerves travel from periosteal and endosteal surfaces to
reach osteonal canals to one another
Not surrounded by concentric lamellae
Spongy Bone Anatomy

Mature spongy bone is structurally similar to mature compact

bone except that tissue arranged as trabeculae

Matrix-lamellated

Osteocytes gets nutrients from circulating blood

 Classification according to shape

Long Bones-longer in one dimension eg. Humerus femur

Short Bones- nearly equal length and diameter
Have compact spngy bone and a marrow space on the inside
Articular surface are covered with hyaline cartilage
e.g. carpals tarsals patella
Flat bones –thin and plate like
e.g parietal bone scapula sternum

Irregular bones
e.g vertebrae hip bones ethmoid bone
 Blood supply and nerve supply of bones

Bone is supplied by

• Periosteal arteries

• Nutrient artery (
diaphysis and epiphysis)

• Metaphyseal arteries

Nerves accompany the blood vessels that supply bones

• The periosteum is rich in sensory nerves sensitive to tearing or tension

Bone tissue lacks lymphatic vessels; lymphatic drainage occurs only from the
periosteum.
CELLS OF BONE TISSUE
Osteoprogenitor cells

• Derived from mesenchymal stem cells.

It is a resting cell that can differentiate into an osteoblast and

secrete bone matrix.

found on the external and internal surfaces of bones

Morphologically, comprise
periosteal cells - innermost layer of the periosteum and
the endosteal cells -line the marrow cavities,
the osteonal (Haversian) canals, and the perforating (Volkmann's)
canals.
 Osteoblast

• It is differentiated bone-forming cell that secretes bone matrix ("osteoid"), type 1

collagen and bone matrix proteins (BMPs)

• active osteoblasts are cuboidal or polygonal in shape and aggregate into a single
layer of cells lying in apposition to the forming bone

• inactive osteoblasts are flat or attenuated cells that cover the bone surface.

• Line new bone surfaces and follow osteoclasts in cutting cones

• Osteoblast processes communicate with other osteoblasts and with osteocytes by

gap junctions

• Receptors: PTH (parathyroid hormone), vitamin D, glucosteroids, estrogen, PGS, ILS

Osteocytes

When completely surrounded by osteoid or bone matrix, the osteoblast is referred to as

an osteocyte and the space occupied is lacuna

Function: maintain & preserve bone. Long cell processes communicate via canaliculi.

Osteocytes processes communicate through the canaliculi with other Osteocytes and
bone-lining cells by gap junctions.

They are responsible for maintaining the bone matrix.

synthesize new matrix, as well as participate in matrix degradation → maintain calcium

homeostasis

Receptors: PTH (release calcium), calcitonin (do not release calcium)

Bone-lining cells

• layer of flat cells with attenuated cytoplasm

on external bone surfaces = periosteal cells

on internal bone surfaces = endosteal cells

Cell processes contact one another and with osteocytic processes → Gap
junctions

• Function

maintenance and nutritional support of the osteocytes and regulate the

movement of calcium and phosphate into and out of the bone.
Osteoclasts

Large, multinucleated cells derived from the same line of cells as monocytes
& macrophages

Phagocytotic cells derived from fusion of hemopoietic progenitor cells of

neutrophilic granulocyte and monocyte lineages. → multinucleated cells

are bone-resorbing cells present on bone surfaces -removed or remodeled

Function: when active, use a "ruffled border" to resorb bone; a shallow bay
called a resorption bay (Howship's lacuna) can be observed in the bone
directly under the osteoclast
Receptors: calcitonin, estrogen, IL-1, RANK L. Inhibited by bisphosphonates
Formation of Bone in an Embryo
Starts from 6th week

Two patterns

Intramembranous ossification

Flat bones of the skull and mandible are formed in this way

. "Soft spots" that help the fetal skull pass through the birth canal later become ossified
forming the skull

Endochondral ossification

. The replacement of cartilage by bone

Most bones of the body are formed in this way including long bones
Enchondral ossification
• Bone replaces a cartilage anlage (template). Osteoclasts remove the
cartilage, and osteoblasts make the new bone matrix, which is then
mineralized.

Typical in long bones (except clavicle).

• Primary ossification centers (in shaft) typically develop in prenatal

period.

Secondary ossification centers occur at various times after birth, usually in

the epiphysis.

• Longitudinal growth at the physis also occurs by enchondral ossification.

Also found in fracture callus

Intramembranous

• Bone develops directly from mesenchymal cells without a cartilage anlage.

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which produce bone.

Examples: flat bones (e.g., the cranium) clavicle and mandible

Appositional

Osteoblasts make new matrix/bone on top of existing bone.

Example: periosteal-mediated bone diameter (width) growth in long bones

 REFERENCE

• Netters consice orthopeadics Anatomy Edition 9

• Histology A text and Atlas –Lippincott,Michael H Ross

• Microanatomy web atlast for images

THANK YOU