Cartilage and Bone

Jude Estella M.D.

TISSUES : CELLS + EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX:
GROUND SUBSTANCE + FIBERS
CARTILAGE
•CELLS – Secrete and maintain specific
matrices associated
•FIBERS - Alter the flexibility of the structure
•MATRIX – Reservoir of substances
Generalities
• Cartilage is neither vascularized nor supplied by
nerves.
• Resistant to both compression and tension are
essential to its function (articular surfaces of joints)
• ECM is composed of:
1. GAGs
2. Proteoglycans
3. Collagen Fibers
4. Elastic Fibers
CELLS OF THE CARTILAGE
1. Chondrogenic Cells
2. Chondroblasts
3. Chondrocytes
Chondrogenic Cells
• spindle-shaped, narrow cells
• derived from mesenchymal cells.
• possess an ovoid nucleus with one or two nucleoli
• sparse cytoplasm with abundance of free ribosomes.
• differentiate into both chondroblasts and
osteoprogenitor cells.
Chondroblasts
• derived mesenchymal cells and chondrogenic cells
• plump, basophilic cells that display the organelles
required for protein synthesis.
• a rich network of RER, a well-developed Golgi
complex, numerous mitochondria, and an abundance
of secretory vesicles.
Chondrocytes
• are chondroblasts that are surrounded by matrix
• Ovoid at the periphery, round deep in the carilage
• Young chondrocytes- pale-staining cytoplasm with many
mitochondria, an elaborate RER, a well-developed Golgi apparatus,
and glycogen
• Older chondrocytes- quiescent, reduced complement of organelles,
abundance of free ribosomes and can resume active protein synthesis
if they revert to chondroblasts.
GROUND SUBSTANCE
AGGRECANS - large proteoglycans that are attached covalently to GAGs
(chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate, and heparan sulfate)
80% of the wet weight of cartilage is water
CHONDRONECTIN – glycoproteins that have binding sites for Collagen II
and GAGs
Also attach Integrins (Transmembrane proteins) of Chondroblasts and
Chondrocytes
Perichondrium
• Dense CT sheath that covers most of cartilage except in articular
portions of long bones(joints) and and epiphyses
• Has two layers
Outer Fibrous Layer - type I collagen, fibroblasts, and blood vessels
Inner Cellular Layer– Chondrogenic Cells
• Function : responsible for the growth and maintenance of the
cartilage
Types of Cartilage
1. Hyaline Cartilage
2. Elastic Cartilage
3. Fibrocartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
• Hyaline cartilage, the most abundant cartilage in the body, forms the
template for endochondral bone formation
• a bluish-gray, semitranslucent, pliable substance, is the most
abundant cartilage of the body
• located in the nose and larynx, on the ventral ends of the in the
tracheal rings and bronchi, and on the articulating surfaces of the
movable joints of the body.
HISTOGENESIS AND GROWTH OF
CARTILAGE
• Cells responsible for hyaline cartilage formation differentiate from
mesenchymal cells
• Individual mesenchymal cells round up, and congregate in dense
masses called chondrification centers
• Influenced by kartogenin

• Intersitial Growth - Chondroblasts secrete Type II Collagen and

Aggrecans and entrap themselves in lacunae (Chondrocytes)
• Appositional Growth – when Chondrogenic Cells from the Inner
Cellular Layer differentiate into Chondroblasts
Elastic Cartilage
• Elastic cartilage greatly resembles hyaline cartilage, except that its
matrix and perichondrium possess elastic fibers, type II collagen
bundles, More Flexibility than Hyaline Cartilage
• Because of the presence of elastic fibers, elastic cartilage is somewhat
yellow and is more opaque than hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
• unlike hyaline and elastic cartilage, does not possess a perichondrium,
and its matrix possesses type I collagen
• present in intervertebral disks, in the pubic symphysis, in articular
disks, and attached to bone
Bone
• bone is one of the hardest substances of the body
• primary structural framework for support and protection of the
organs of the body
• levers for the muscles attached to them, thereby multiplying the force
of the muscles to attain movement
• Reservoir for several minerals of the body (99% of Ca)
• bone marrow, a hemopoietic organ
Periosteum
• Located at external surface, except at synovial articulations.
• Inner Cellular Layer – Osteogenic Cells, Osteoblasts
• Outer Fibrous Layer – Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue
• Sharpey Fibers

• Endosteum – Lining the inner cavity of the Bone (Osteogenic cells and
Osteoblasts)
Bone
• CT = Cells + Extra Cellular Matrix (Calcified)
• Extracellular Matrix = Fibers + Ground Substance
• Fibers = Type I Collagen
• Ground Substance – proteoglycans chondroitin sulfate and keratan
sulfate. Glycoproteins, osteonectin, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and
bone sialoprotein
• Cells (Osteoblasts, Osteocytes) are separated by an uncalcefied
matrix, the Osteoid
Bone Cells
• Osteoprogenitor Cells
• Osteoblasts – Secrete bone matrix
• Osteocytes – Quiescent osteoblast that occupy Lacunae.
• Osteoclasts – Multinucleated Giant Cells (Resorption and Remodeling)
Osteoprogenitor Cell
• Derived from embryonic mesenchymal cells and retain their ability to
undergo mitosis
• Differentiate into Osteoblasts
• displays sparse RER and a poorly developed Golgi apparatus but an
abundance of free ribosomes.
• These cells are most active during the period of intense bone growth.
Osteoblasts
• not only synthesize the organic matrix of bone but also possess
receptors for parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• Secrete type I collagen, type V collagen, glycoproteins, and
proteoglycans
Osteocytes
• Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts that became trapped in
their lacunae.
• Flat, lenticular-shaped cells
• Communicate to each other through radiating tunnels (canaliculi)
• Secrete substances for bone maintenance
Osteoclasts
• large, motile, multinucleated cells; they contain up to 50 nuclei and
have an acidophilic cytoplasm
• Believed to be similar to Macrophages
• Regulated by Osteoblasts
• Howship lacunae
• BONE RESORPTION - The process of breaking down bone into free
ions.
• BONE REMODELING - The process of bone deposition.
TYPES OF BONE
Types of Bone
PRIMARY - immature, in that it is the first bone to form during fetal
development and during bone repair.
Later replaced and organized as secondary bone, except in certain
areas (sutures of the calvaria, insertion sites of tendons, and bony
alveoli surrounding the teeth)
SECONDARY - more calcified, it is stronger than primary bone.
Types of Bone
Endochondral and
Appositional Bone Growth
• ENDOCHONDRAL GROWTH -
• LENGTHENING OF BONE,
• SPONGY BONE(PARACRINE),
• REQUIRES THE PRESENCE OF CARTILAGE TEMPLATE
• APPOSITIONAL GROWTH
• WIDENING OF BONE,
• COMPACT BONE,
• SYSTEMIC FACTORS(CALCITONIN, PTH)
Calcification of Bone
• Deposits of Calcium phosphate and Collagen Fibrils crystalize to form
Calcium Hydroxyapatite
• Bound to Ostenectin
• Alkaline Phosphatase is present in actively calcifying bone
Thaaaaaaaaaank
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