ANAPHY
LESSON 1 | MIDTERM
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
1. Protection (major function)
− Insulates and cushions the deeper organs and
protects the entire body from:
Mechanical damage (cuts and bumps)
Chemical damage (acids and bases)
Thermal damage (heat and cold)
Ultraviolet (sunlight)
Bacteria
2. Regulation of Heat Loss
− Skins rich capillary network and sweat glans
(booth controlled by the nervous system)
− Play an important role in regulation of het loss
from the body surface
3. Excretion
− Sweating
4. Vitamin D synthesis
− Modified cholesterol molecules that are located
in the skin converted to vitamin D by sunlight
5. Sensation
− Cutaneous sensory receptors (touch,
temperature, pressure, and pain receptors)
located in the skin
2 MAJOR GROUPS OF BODY TISSUE MEMBRANES
Epithelial membranes
− Cutaneous, mucous and serous membrane
Connective tissue membrane
− Synovial membrane
A. Epithelia membranes
− Composed of epithelium attached to a layer of
connective tissue, for example, your skin
− Always combined with an underlying layer of
connective tissue, although they all do contain
an epithelial sheet.
Types of Epithelial Membrane
a. Cutaneous membrane (skin)
1. Epidermis – superficial layer composed of
keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium
2. Dermis – deep layer mostly composed of
dense fibrous connective tissue
b. Mucous membrane (mucosa)
− Composed of epithelium resting in a loose
connective tissue
− Lines all body cavities that open to the
exterior (hollow organs of respiratory,
digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts)
− We usually “wet” or moist membranes that
are most continually bather in secretions
c. Serous membrane (serosa)
− Composed of simple squamous epithelium
resting on a thin layer of areola connective
tissue
− Lines body cavities that are closed to the
exterior (except for the dorsal body cavity
and joint cavities)
Layers of serosa:
1. Parietal layer – lines a specific portion of the
wall of the vertebral body cavity
2. Visceral layer – coves the outside of the
organs in that cavity
− Serous layer are separated by a serous
fluid, secreted by both visceral and
parietal membranes
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Serous fluid
− Allows the organ to slide easily across the cavity
walls and one another without friction as they
carry out their functions
− Extremely important in mobile organs (pumping
heart and churning stomach)
− Specific names of serous membranes depend on
their locations
Specific serous membranes
1. Peritoneum – serosa lining the abdominal
cavity
2. Pleura – serosa lining the lungs
3. Pericardium – serosa around the heart
B. Epithelia membranes
− Synovial membrane
− Composed of connective tissue without
epithelial cells at all
Skin Receptors
1. Fee nerve endings – pain
2. Ruffini’s corpuscle – warmth/heat
3. Krause’s corpuscle – cold
4. Pacinian corpuscle – deep pressure
5. Meissner’s corpuscle – sensitive touch
6. Merkel’s disc – light touch
STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN
1. Epidermis – outer layer made up of stratified
squamous epithelium
− Capable of becoming hard and tough
(keratinizing
− avascular (no blood vessel/flow)
keratinocytes (keratin cells)
− compromises most cells of the epidermis
that produces keratin
Keratin
− tough fibrous protein responsible for the
toughness of epidermis
− abundance of this allows stratum corneum
to provide a durable “overcoat” for the
body, which protects deeper cells from the
hostile environment and water loss
LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS
1. Stratum corneum
− thickest layer of epidermis
 outermost layer is about 20-30 cell
layers thick
 accounts about three-quarters of the
epidermal thickness
 cornified/horny cells shingle-like dead
cells remnants completely filled with
keratin
2. Stratum lucidum – (apparent in thick skin)
− more apparent in the hairless thick of the
palm and soles
− consists of 3-5 layers of clear, flat, dead
cells
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3. Stratum granulosum
− Consist of 3-5 layers of flattened cells that
develop darkly staining granules called
keratohyalin (precursor)
4. Stratum spinosum
− Contains 8 – 10 layers of polyhedral (many
sided) cells that fit closely together
− Cells are covered with prickly spines
5. Stratum basale (basal layer)
− Deepest layer of epidermis
− Lie closest to the dermis
SKIN COLOR
3 pigments contributing to skin color:
1. Melanin – yellow, reddish brown or black
− People who produced a lot of melanin
have browned-toned skin
− Light skinned (caucasian) people have
less melanin
 Yellow brown pigment produced by melanocytes,
found in stratum basale
Exposure of skin to sunlight → activation of
melanocytes → melanocytes produces melanin →
Tanning → stratum basale eats melanin →
accumulation of melanin within the stratum basale
cells → melanin forms a protective pigment
“umbrella” over the superficial or “sunny side”of
their nuclei → melanin shield their genetic material
(DNA)
 Freckles and moles are seen where melanin is
concentrated in one spot
2. Carotene – amount of carotene deposited in
the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue
− Orange – yellow pigment abundant in carrots,
orange, deep yellow or leafy green vegetables
3. Hemoglobin – amount of oxygen bound to
hemoglobin, pigmented in RBC (red blood cells)
in the dermal blood vessels
− The crimson color of oxygen-rich hemoglobin
in the dermal blood supply flushes through the
transparent cell layers above and gives the
skin a “rosy glow”
Cyanosis – bluish discoloration of the skin due to poor
oxygenation of the hemoglobin
− Common during heart failure and severe
breathing disorders
PRESSURE ULCER
 A severe restriction of the normal blood supply to
the skin resulting in cell death (necrosis)
 Common in bedridden patients who are not
turned regularly or who are dragged or pulled
across the bed repeatedly
 Occurs especially over bony prominences due to
the pressure of the body weight on the skin
INFLUENCE OF EMOTIONAL STIMULI AND DISEASES
IN SKIN COLOR
1. Redness or erythema – indicates
embarrassment (blushing), fever,
hypertension, inflammation or allergy
2. Pallor or blanching – under certain types of
emotional stress (fear, anger) some people
become pale
Pale skin also signifies anemia or hypotension
3. Jaundice or yellow cast – abnormal yellow
skin tome usually signifies a liver disorder
where excess bile pigments are absorbed into
the blood, circulated throughout the body
and deposited in body tissues
4. Bruise or black and blue marks – due to
escape of blood from the circulation and has
clotted in the tissue spaces
Hematoma – clotted blood masses
Unusual tendency to bruising may signify
vitamin c deficiency in the diet of hemophilia
(bleeder’s disease)
EFFECTS OF ECESSIVE SUN EXPOSURE
1. Skin damage despite melanin’s protective
effect
2. Clumping of elastin fibers loading to leathery
skin
3. Weakening of the immune system
4. Alteration of DNA of skin cells leading to skin
cancer
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2. Dermis – strong, stretchy envelope made up of
dense fibrous connective tissue that helps to hold
the body together.
− Thickness varies in regions
TWO MAJOR REGIONS OF DERMIS
1. Papillary regions
 Upper dermal region – area for capillaries
 Dermal papillae – uneven fingerlike projections
from the superior surface of the papillary layer
− Contain capillary loops, which furnish
nutrients to the dermis
− Houses pain receptors (free nerve endings)
and touch receptors (meissner’s corpuscle)
− Arranged in genetically determined patterns
on palms and sole, forming ridges on the
epidermal surface that enhances gripping
ability of the hands and feet
− Ridges of the fingertips are well provided with
sweat pores and leave unique, identifying
fingertips
2. Reticular layer
 Deepest skin layer
Contents of reticular layer:
1. Phagocytes – prevents bacteria from
penetrating any deeper into the body
2. Collagen and elastin – these are found
throughout the epidermis
Collagen – responsible for toughness of the
dermis
Elastin – responsible for the elasticity,
especially in the young age
SKIN APPENDAGES
Arises from the epidermis and plays a unique role in
maintaining body homeostasis
1. Cutaneous Glands
 All are exocrine glands that release their
secretions to the skin surface via ducts
Formed by the cells of the stratum basale pushing
into the deeper skin regions and reside almost
entirely in the dermis
Two types of glands:
Sebaceous and sweat glands
SEBACEOUS GLANDS (OILS)
− Found all over the skin except on the palms of
the hands and the soles of the feet
− Ducts usually empties into a hair follicle, but
some open directly onto the skins surface
Sebum – mixture of oily substances and fragmented
cells produced by the sebaceous glands
SKIN DISEASES DUE TO AFFECTION OF SEBACEOUS
GLANDS:
1. White head – due to blockage of sebum on
the duct of sebaceous glands
2. Black head – due to oxidation and drying of
the accumulated sebum on the duct of
sebaceous glands
3. Acne – an active infection of the sebaceous
glands accompanied by pimples on the skin
4. Seborrhea – severe type of sebaceous gland
infection due to overactivity of the sebaceous
glands
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SWEAT GLANDS (SUDORIFEROUS) HAIR AND HAIR FOLLICLES

 Widely distributed in the skin, about more than
2.5 million per person
 Secretes fluid called sweat
TYPES OF SWEAT GLANDS:
1. Eccrine Sweat Glands
 More numerous and found all over the body
Sweat – clear secretion primarily water plus some
salts (sodium chloride), vitamin c, metabolic waste
(urea, ammonia and uric acid), and lactic acid
(chemical that attracts mosquitoes)
− Acidic (pH from4-6) inhibiting bacterial
growth, which are always present on the skin
surface
Pores – funnel- shaped duct that opens externally
where sweat pass to reach the skins surface

 Important and highly efficient part of the body’s
heat – regulating equipment
 Supplied with nerve endings that case them to
secrete when the external temperature or body
temperature is high
 Secretes up to 7 liters of body water on a hot day
2. APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
 Largely to the axillary and genital areas
 Its secretion contains fatty acids and proteins, as
well as the substances of eccrine secretion
The secretion is odorless, but it causes unpleasant
odor when bacteria that live on the skin use its
proteins and fats as source of nutrients for their
growth.
PARTS OF A HAIR OR PILI
1. Root – the portion below the surface that
penetrates the dermis and sometimes into
the subcutaneous layer
2. Shaft – the shaft is the superficial portion that
projects above the surface of the skin
3. Hair bulb matrix – the expanded portion of
the inferior hair follicle and contains the
dermal papilla and hair matrix

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SHAFT Parts of hair follicles: HAIR BULB MATRIX

 Project from the surface of the skin or scalp  Growth zone
1. Medulla - central core  Division of stratum basale cells located at the
2. Cortex – covers the medulla inferior and of the follicle
3. Cuticle – outermost part formed by a single  Daughter cells migrate from the hair bulb matrix
layer of cells that overlap one another like where they become keratinized and die
shingles on a roof Thus, the bulk of the hair shaft (like the bulb of
− Roof-like arrangement helps to keep the hairs epidermis) is dead material
apart and keep them from mating
− Most heavily keratinized region, where it
provides strength and helps keep the inner
hair layers tightly compacted
SPLIT ENDS
 Occurs due to susceptibility of the cuticle
abrasion
Abrasion – wearing away of cuticle at the tip of the
shaft – frizzing out the keratin fibrils in the inner
regions – split ends
HAIR FOLLICLES
 Flexible epithelial structure producing hair
1. Epidermal sheath
2. Dermal sheath
3. Arrector pili
4. Hair bulb matrix
Parts of hair follicles: EPIDERMAL SHEATH
Inner layer composed of epithelial tissue and forms
the hair
Parts of hair follicles: DERMAL SHEATH
 Outer layer composed of dermal connective
tissue
 Supplies blood vessels to the epidermal portion
and reinforces it
 Its nipple like papilla provides the blood supply to
the matrix in the hair bulb
Parts of hair follicles: ARRECTOR PILI
 Small bonds of smooth muscle that connect
each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue
 Contraction (cold or frightened) pulls the hair
upright, dimpling the surface with “goose
bumps” (piloerection)

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