THE NEED FOR ANIMAL COVERING Each of the small, thin horny or bony plates protecting the

skin of fish and reptiles, typically overlapping one another.

Reasons Scales
1. Protection Found in:
2. Insulation  Fish (wet,slimy)
3. Other functions  Reptiles (dry)
- Body coverings provide a protective layer against It is a hard, rigid outer layer, which has evolved in a very wide
physical damage as well as a barrier to disease-causing variety of different animals
organisms like fungi and bacteria.
Shell
Protection Found in:
- Animals have their covering to keep them warm,  Crustaceans
most especially if they thrive in cold environments.  Turtles/Tortoise
 Insulator - doesn’t easily allow heat to escape  Mollusks
- A type of animal covering which makes use of - Shells are excreted from the outer surface of the
blubber animal called the mantle and are made up of mostly
- Blubber, an insulator within seals and whales, is a calcium carbonate.
layer of fat is what keeps these animals’ internal - The outer layer of the skin is smooth, except in some
organs from freezing. species of frogs and toads.
Insulation - Amphibians’ skin contains many mucous glands that
- A type of animal covering which makes use of secrete slime to lubricate the skin and prevent the
blubber animal from being slowed down while moving in
- Camouflage for protection against predators water.
- Recognition signal to mates or members of the same Skin
population Found in:
- Flight (contour feathers) - Amphibians (moist, smooth in most amphibians and
- Thermoregulation wet)
o body’s way of controlling the amount of
heat inside - The skin of many amphibians is also an organ of
o homoestatic reasons respiration, it must be moist always to help the
 for proper cellular functions animals breathe.
Other Functions
- Sensory organs (whiskers) THE NEED TO PROVIDE BODILY
- Protection against harmful UV rays from the sun
- Waterproofing and protection against dessication SHAPE AND SUPPORT FOR INTERNAL
(drying out) ORGANS
- Structure and rigidity (exoskeleton)

KINDS OF ANIMAL - A skeletal system is necessary to support the body, protect

COVERINGS internal organs, and allow for the movement of an organism.
“the fine, soft, thick, hairy coat of the skin of a mammal.”
TYPES OF SKELETAL DESIGNS
Fur
- Found in: I. Hydrostatic Skeleton
 Mammals - is one formed by a fluid-filled compartment within the body
- Not all hair is the same. If you have a dog or cat at called the coelom.
home, take a close look and see if you can find these - The muscles in a hydrostatic skeleton contract to change the
different types of hair. shape of the coelom; the pressure of the fluid in the coelom
produces movement.
 Guard hairs - firm and glossy. Some stop growing - This type of skeletal system is found in soft-bodied animals
while others continually grow such as sea anemones, earthworms, and other invertebrates.
- It is not an efficient skeleton for terrestrial animals.
 Vibrissae or whiskers - stiff and long. Sensitive to the
touch
II. Exoskeleton
 Underhairs - short, curly, wooly. Called down or fuzz
- is an external, hard, encasement on the surface of an
Light, horny, epidermal outgrowths that form the external
organism.
covering of the body of birds.
- This skeleton type provides defense against predators,
supports the body, and allows for movement through the
Feathers
contraction of attached muscles.
- Light, horny, epidermal outgrowths that form the
- Because the exoskeleton is acellular and does not grow as
external covering of the body of birds.
the organism grows, arthropods must periodically shed their
Found in:
exoskeletons.
- Birds
*Molting - (of an animal) to shed old feathers, hair, or skin, or
an old shell, to make way for a new growth.
- The shells of crabs and insects are exoskeletons.
III. Endoskeleton
consists of hard, mineralized structures located within the soft
tissue of organisms.
- Provide support for the body, protect internal organs, and
allow for movement through contraction of muscles attached
to the skeleton.
- An example of a primitive with endoskeleton is the spicule
of sponges. The bones of vertebrates are composed of tissues,
whereas sponges have no true tissues.
 The human skeleton is an endoskeleton that consists
of 206 bones in the adult. It has five main functions:
- providing support to the body,
- storing minerals and lipids,
- producing blood cells,
- protecting internal organs, and
allowing for movement
- The skeletal system in vertebrates is divided into
two:
- Axial skeleton (which consists of the skull, vertebral
column, and rib cage)
- Appendicular skeleton (which consists of the
shoulders, limb bones, the pectoral girdle, and the
pelvic girdle).
3 TYPES OF SYMMETRY SEEN IN ANIMALS
Animals can be largely divided into 3 groups based on the
type of symmetry of their body plan:
A. Radial Symmetry
- Arrangement of body parts around a central axis
- Have top and bottom surfaces, but no left and right
sides or front and back
- The two halves of a radially symmetrical animal
may be described as the side with a mouth and the
side without a mouth
- Enables sea creatures which may be capable of slow
movement to experience the environment equally
from all directions
ex: comb jellies, sea anemones corals
B. Bilateral Symmetry
- division of animals through a sagittal plane, resulting
in two mirror-image, right and left halves
- ex: butterfly, crab, human body
- have a head, tail, front and back and right and left
sides
- promotes active mobility and increased
sophistication of resource seeking and predator
relationships
C. Asymmetrical Symmetry
- No body axis and no plane of symmetry
- Only members of phylum poriferan (sponges) have
no body plan symmetry
THE NEED TO MOVE FOR VARIOUS
LIFE ACTIVITIES
WHY DO ANIMALS MOVE?
 Survival – animals move from one place to another to
survive
1. Food
 Animals can’t produce their own food
Foraging
 When animals are on the search for food
Foraging Theory
 Branch of behavioral ecology that studies the
foraging behavior of animals in response to the
environment where the animal lives
2. Protection
 Animals try to avoid predators
 Example: fish
 Fish that migrate to streams are less likely to
be eaten by predators than fish that remain
in the lake. This suggests that winter
migration has been developed as an
adaption against predation.
 Not limited to fish and could very well
apply universally to animals
3. Climate
 Animals need to protect themselves from climate
change
 Animals live in areas with very specific climate
conditions. Any change in the climate of an area can
affect the plants and animals living there, as well as
the makeup of the entire ecosystem. Some species are
already responding to a warmer climate by moving to
cooler locations.
 Example: some North American animals are moving
farther north or to higher elevations to find suitable
places to live
 Climate change also alters the life cycles of plants
and animals.
 Some animals are waking from hibernation
sooner or migrating at different times, too.
Studies have even suggested that some
species are at risk for extinction due to their
change in habitat while other species who
are moving to new areas where the climate
has become suitable are thriving more.
4. Mating
 Organisms that reproduce sexually need to find a
partner, because of this they are going to have to
travel and move to different places to find a suitable
partner.
 Most animals just simply move around to look for a
partner and breed, but sometimes their mating rituals
or breeding technique may differ from one another.
 Hippopotamus - once the male hippo
successfully finds a mate, they then go
underwater to breed
 Red-capped manakin – dance to attract
females; they find a smooth and thin branch
they start dancing the “moonwalk” where
they seemingly slide on a branch back and
forth in search for a female
  Southern white whale – lives in Antarctic IMPORTANCE OF ABSORPTION AND
waters to feed, then migrate to warmer ASSIMILATION
waters up north to mate with other whales ABSORPTION
• Process in which nutrients from food is taken from
the intestine and into the bloodstream which is then
delivered to the cells
THE NEED TO INGEST FOOD • Examples
Ingest Active and Passive Transport
 Take (food, drink, or another substance) into the Enodcytosis
body by swallowing or absorbing it Facilitated Diffusion
The Importance of Ingestion ASSIMILATION
 All animals break down food molecules into smaller • Process in which new compounds are made from
pieces to circulate them around their bodies and all the absorbed nutrients which are necessary for
their cells. normal cell function
 Their cells take in small food molecules and use them • Examples
as materials for growth or sources of energy. oPhotosynthesis
oNitrogen fixation
- Ingestion occurs when an animal takes food into its oProtein synthesis
digestive tract. IMPORTANCE OF NUTRIENTS
- Animals with incomplete digestive tracts have the • By taking steps to eat healthy, the body gets the
most primitive digestive systems. appropriate nutrients for it to stay healthy, active and
- These animals have a gut with just one opening that strong
serves as both mouth and anus. • Prevents the body from diseases and illnesses
- Animals like humans have more complex systems IMPORTANCE OF ABSORPTION AND
AKA a complete digestive tract. Complete digestive ASSIMILATION
tracts have a mouth at one end and an anus at the • Maintain balance in our body
other. • Strengthen immunity
• Increase growth rate
Ex. Incomplete Digestive Tract – Platyhelminthes • Enables metabolic functions for energy
Complete Digestive Tract – Earthworm • Creation of compounds used for biochemical
processes
MAGGOTS
 Maggots don’t feed like humans.
 They digest their food externally then they consume IMPORTANCE OF ABSORPTION AND
it. This is called 'extracorporeal digestion’ (extra =
outer, corpus = body) ASSIMILATION
 They eat to fuel their growth until they pupate
ABSORPTION
Where do they come from? • Process in which nutrients from food is taken from the
 A fly lays eggs, which turn into maggots. "Maggot" intestine and into the bloodstream which is then delivered to
is another word for larva. After a pupal stage, the cells
maggots turn into flies. Sometimes, it may seem like • Examples
the maggots appear from nowhere, but it's just that - Active and Passive Transport
you didn't notice the fly or its eggs. - Enodcytosis
- Facilitated Diffusion
Medical Maggots
 Debride (clean) wounds by dissolving the dead ASSIMILATION
(necrotic), infected tissue • Process in which new compounds are made from the
 Disinfect the wound by killing bacteria absorbed nutrients which are necessary for normal cell
 Stimulate wound healing. They may be able to treat function
conditions where antibiotics are ineffective and • Examples
surgery impracticable. - Photosynthesis
- Nitrogen fixation
Maggot Therapy - Protein synthesis
 Maggots release digestive secretions containing very
potent enzymes onto the wound surface that IMPORTANCE OF NUTRIENTS
specifically breaks down dead, necrotic tissue into a • By taking steps to eat healthy, the body gets the
liquid and this is what they consume. appropriate nutrients for it to stay healthy, active and strong
 Because the structure of living cells are much • Prevents the body from diseases and illnesses
stronger, the digestive secretions are unable to break
down healthy living tissue, so this remains in tact IMPORTANCE OF ABSORPTION AND
whilst the dead tissue is removed. ASSIMILATION
• Maintain balance in our body
• Strengthen immunity
• Increase growth rate -Through their own metabolic processes
• Enables metabolic functions for energy -Convert chemical compounds in their body to poison
• Creation of compounds used for biochemical processes B .Accumulate toxins
-From their diet

2.Camouflage
-Resembles a static part of the background
ANIMAL TRANSPORT SYSTEMS a.Cryptic coloration
-Ex. A walking stick matches its color to look like a branch
b.Deceptive marking pattern
- by which materials are moved ('transported') from an -Ex. The four-eyed butterfly fish has a large spot near its tail
exchange surface or exchange surfaces to cells located which resembles an eye
throughout the organism.
3.Mimicry
Singled-celled (unicellular) organisms -Resembles a similar organism
- move all the materials they need by diffusion across their -The mimic closely resembles its model (another organism) to
cell membrane and within the cytoplasm of the cell. deceive the operator (3rd organism)
a.Bartesian mimicry
But larger animals (multicellular) organisms -Edible mimic resembles a poisonous model
- need a transport system or transport systems to convey -Only mimic benefits
substances around the body. b.Müllerian mimicry
-Poisonous organisms resemble each other
!!! Larger animals cannot resort to diffusion because the -Both organisms benefit
volume of the body is great and diffusion would be too
slow. !!!

TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS FOUND IN

ANIMALS

These circulation systems = also called mass transport system

or transport system

1) OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

- pump blood into a hemocoel with the blood diffusing
back to the circulatory system between cells.
- Blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities, where
tissues are surrounded by the blood.
- common in insects.
- Circulatory fluid: hemolymph
- Since blood, or hemolymph, bathes the tissue directly, it
is important that there are mechanisms that generates flow.
a. Body movement - to pump blood from one organ to the
next bc there are no vessels to transport the fluid.
b. Pumping organ

2) CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

- Circulating fluid: Blood
- Common in vertebrates such as fishes and mammals,
also in HUMANS.
- Blood is contained within the heart and blood vessels
- Larger blood vessels move blood around the body, taking
it from organ to organ, through the blood system, which is
also called the vascular system.
- Substances pass between the blood and the tissues it
supplies by moving through the thin walls of the smallest
blood vessels, which are called capillaries.

NEED FOR A DEFENSE SYSTEM IN

ANIMALS
-Used by preys to flee predators

1.Chemical Defense
a. Synthesize toxins