Unit #1: Diversity of Living Things

Lesson #9 – Animals
Read page 96-107
Complete Lesson 9 Practice Questions
 Kingdom Animalia
 The Animal Kingdom contains the most complex organisms on Earth – they are
multicellular and possess eukaryotic cells
 Heterotrophic

 Cells do not have a cell wall

 Can be terrestrial or aquatic

 Nervous and muscle tissue are only found in animals

 Most animals are mobile

 Most animals undergo sexual reproduction, they produce an embryo

 They use oxygen for aerobic respiration

 One of the most challenging things for scientists is how to classify animals  We
consider many factors like the presence or absence of a backbone (vertebrates or
invertebrates?) the animal’s symmetry, body cavity, levels of cellular organization, body
tissue layers, segmentation, movement and reproduction
 1. Body Symmetry
 Asymmetry
 Irregular shape with no axis of symmetry
 e.g. sponges - the simplest animals

 Radial symmetry
 body parts that repeat around one main axis, like the
spokes in a bicycle wheel
 eg corals, jellies, sea anemones

 Bilateral symmetry
 axis of symmetry is through the middle (head to tail)
 exhibit right/left halves, mirror images of each other
 eg arthropods, mammals
 2. Body (Germ) Layers
 All animals except sponges and those in Phylum Cnidaria (jellyfish, corals, sea
anemones) have 3 layers of cells called the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
 Ectoderm - outmost tissue layer  leads to the making of skin, nerve tissue and
some sense organs
 Mesoderm - middle tissue layer  makes muscles, blood, kidneys and
reproductive organs
 Endoderm - innermost tissue layer (gut)  makes lungs, liver, pancreas…
 Animals that contain all three tissues are said to be TRIPLOBLASTIC
 Note: sponges lack all 3 layers and cnidarians only have 2 layers (diploblastic)
 3. Body Cavity
 Are the digestive tracts and other organs suspended in a fluid-filled body cavity
called the coelom?
 If yes – they are called coelomates (ex. worms, insects, vertebrates)
 If no – they are called acoelomates (ex. flatworms and jellyfish)
 Segmentation, Movement & Reproduction
 Segmentation
 Body is divided into repetitive sections or segments
 If one segment is damaged, other still work
 Each segment works independently – as a results, mobility is more effective and
there is more complex movement patterns
 Movement
 Some animals are sessile (stationary) as adults (e.g. sponges and sea anemones)
 Evolution of nerve and muscle tissue allowed for complex and fast movement

 Reproduction
 sexually with gametes (mostly) – egg + sperm  zygote
 fertilization is external (gametes combine outside of the body) or internal (gametes
combine inside the female)
 Some reproduce asexually
 Kingdom Animalia - Invertebrates
 All members of Kingdom Animalia are divided into 2 categories:
 Invertebrates (absence of a backbone)
 Vertebrates (presence of a backbone)

 Invertebrate Animals
 There are 35 different phyla of invertebrates. We will look at a few of these
phyla in increasing complexity and the characteristics shared my members of
those phyla.
Sponges (Phylum Porifera) & Cnidarians (Phylum Cnidaria)
 Sponges
 found in salt water and freshwater
 have asymmetrical body plan
 no tissues
 only two layers of cells (diploblastic)
 are sessile as adults (stationary)
 eat by trapping food particles in water as water passes through internal channels of
their bodies

 Cnidarians
 include freshwater hydras, marine jellyfish,
sea anemones, corals
 only have 2 layers of cells (diploblastic)
 do have tissues (ex. muscle tissue) and a
simple nervous system
 Two Forms  Medusa (motile) and Polyp (sessile)
 Worm-Like Animals
 Includes flatworms in Phylum Platyhelminthes (parasitic tapeworms, flukes, free-living
planarians) that have a simple nervous system with a brain-like concentration of cells
and a distinct head end
 Round worms from the Phylum Nematoda primitive body cavity, a simple digestive
system, and a flexible external covering
 Segmented worms from Phylum Annelida with long tube-like bodies that are divided
into a series of ringed segments, a distinct head end and several organ systems

Platyhelminthe (flatworms) Nematoda (round worms) Annelida (segmented worms)

 Phylum Mollusca
 Molluscs

 Over 100,000 species

 Soft body protected by a hard shell

1. Bivalves - (clams, oysters, scallops,

mussels) have a hinged shell and are
found in salt water and freshwater
2. Gastropods - (snails) are found on
land and in salt water and freshwater
3. Cephalopods – (octopuses and
squids) are salt water dwellers and
have grasping tentacles that can help
propel them with great speed
 PHYLUM ENCHINODERMATA
 Includes sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sand dollars
 Are marine (salt water) dwellers
 Have radial symmetry, spiny endoskeletons and tube feet
 The endoskeleton is an internal skeleton for organ protection and muscle
attachment
 There is a thin layer of skin over the endoskeleton
 The tube feet are small muscular fluid-filled tubes that end in ‘suction cups’
 They have a water-vascular system – they use muscles to force water into their
tube feet and then they extend themselves
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
 The majority of animal species are arthropods

 Includes spiders, scorpions, crustaceans and insects

 “arthropod” = jointed foot; legs have moveable sections

 Their body is divided into sections

 They have an exoskeleton made of protein and a modified sugar called chitin

 The exoskeleton sheds or molts as they grow; it protects; it prevents the animal
from drying out; provides attachment for muscles of legs
 The exoskeleton led to the colonization of terrestrials ecosystems 100’s of millions
of years ago
 Vertebrate Animals (Phylum Chordata)
 Most familiar animal groups  bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, coelomate

 Over 50,000 species – 5 classes (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals)

 Common features of vertebrates:

 A notochord – flexible rod-shaped structure that runs the length of the body
between the digestive tract and the nerve cord for skeletal muscle attachment
 A dorsal (hollow) nerve cord
– tube-shaped cord running
along the back of the body
 Pharyngeal Slits – digestive
tube extending from mouth to
anus
 Muscular Post-anal Tail
Fish – Class Chondrichthyes & Osteichthyes
 Live in salt water and freshwater

 Oldest living vertebrate is the lamprey eel

 Have gills to get dissolved oxygen from the water

 There are 2 major fish groups with paired fins and jaws:

 Sharks and rays (Class Chondrichthyes ) – have cartilage instead of bone

 Bony fish (Class Osteichthyes) – have a skeleton of bone; also have an air sac
called a swim bladder that allows it to rise and sink in the water (fill swim
bladder with air and the fish will rise, empty the swim bladder and fish will sink)
 Class Amphibia
 Fins of some bony fish evolved into limbs
about 360 million years ago; this led to
tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, birds,
mammals)
 Amphibians are the first tetrapods to live
part of their life cycle on land
 There are 2 major orders – the frogs and
toads (Order Anura) and the salamanders
(Order Urodela)
 Have lungs and use moist skin for gas-
exchange
 Most reproduce by external fertilization
 Class Reptilia
 Includes the lizards and snakes, turtles and crocodilians

 They have body scales to prevent dehydration

 Use lungs for gas-exchange

 Shelled eggs; have waterproof amniotic layers

 Internal fertilization

 Eggs are deposited where

environmental heat is used
to incubate (incubation
temperatures determine
the sex of offspring)
 Class Aves
 Related to dinosaurs

 9000 species on Earth

 Most can fly

 They possess feathered wings

 Adaptations for flight include:

lightweight and hollow bones,
a toothless skull and a
compact body – these ensure
a low body weight
 Over 50% of all birds have
songs or calls so they are
considered songbirds
 Class Mammalia
 Have mammary glands in females to make and secrete milk for their young

 Have hair for insulation, camouflage and waterproofing

 They are endothermic (maintain internal body temperature)

 Have a 4-chambered heart

 Highly developed brains

 3 main groups of mammals: monotremes (egg-laying duck-billed platypus),

marsupials (pouched) and placental