BELOVED TR:MISS ROSLIN

Overview: Welcome to Your Kingdom The animal kingdom

Extends

far beyond humans and other animals we may encounter

Concept 32.1: Animal are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers Several characteristics of animals

Sufficiently define the group

 Animals are multicellular or unicellular eukaryotes Their cells lack cell walls

Their bodies are held together

By structural proteins such as collagen

Nervous tissue and muscle tissue Are unique to animals

Concept 32.2: The history of animals may span more than a billion years

The animal kingdom includes not only great diversity of living species

But the even greater diversity of extinct ones as well

Concept 32.3: Animals can be characterized by body plans

One way in which zoologists categorize the diversity of animals

Is according to general features of morphology and development

A group of animal species

That share the same level of organizational complexity is known as a grade

Animals can be categorized

According to the symmetry of their bodies, or lack of it

Some animals have radial symmetry

Like in a flower pot

Radial symmetry. The parts of a radial animal, such as a sea anemone (phylum (a) Cnidaria), radiate from the center. Any imaginary slice through the central axis divides the animal into mirror images.

Figure 32.7a

Some animals exhibit bilateral symmetry

Or two-sided symmetry

Bilateral symmetry. A bilateral animal, such as a lobster (phylum (b) Arthropoda), has a left side and a right side. Only one imaginary cut divides the animal into mirror-image halves.

Figure 32.7b

Bilaterally symmetrical animals have

A dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom) side A right and left side Anterior (head) and posterior (tail) ends Cephalization, the development of a head

Spherical symmetry
Spherical symmetry occurs in an organism if it is able to be cut into two identical halves through any cut that runs through the organism's center.

Porifera Coelenterata

Platyhelminthes
Nematoda Annelida Arthropoda

Mollusca
Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata

Mostly marine. Very few live in fresh water Motile, attached to solid support, asymmetrical creatures. Consists of tiny pores called Ostita. Large opening at upper free end called Osculum. Body covered by spicules. Reproduction by asexually by fragmentation.

Mostly marine. 2 layers of cell [diploblastic] & radially symmetrical body. 2 layered body- endoderm[inner] & ectoderm [outer]. Have true coelom & has single opening at hypostome surrounded sensory tentacles. Reproduce asexually by budding.

Eg :1) Colonial forms: Coral, Sea Anemone 2) Solitary forms: Hydra, Jelly fish

Bilaterally

symmetrical and triploblastic. Flat ribbon like body Hooks for attachment and Sucker to absorb nutrition. Free living or parasites. Coelem and digestive track is absent. Generally bisexual (hermaphrodites). Found in water or damp soil.

Eg: liver fluke, tapeworm, planaria.

liver fluke planaria

Bilaterally Parasitic Sexes

symmetrical. Triplobliastic body.

are separate {bisexual}. Simple digestive track starting from mouth to anus. False body cavity {pseudocoelom}. Causes diseases in humans E.g. :Ascaries, pin-worm, filarial worm

Ascaries

pin-worm

filarial worm

Triploblastic, cylindrical, segmented, burrowing worms having bilaterel symmetry. True coelom with simple organ system. Reproduce sexually but sexes are separate. Either free-living or parasites [leech-ectoparasites]. Locomotion occurs by setae. Respiration is through skin. E.g.: Leech, Nereis, Earthworm.

Leech

Earthworm

Arthros:jointed; podas: feet

Having jointed legs, triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical. Largest group of animals. Segmented body and protected with chitinuous exo-skeleton. Body divided into head, thorax and abdomen Sexes are separate(unisexual) and reproduce by sexual means. e.g.: all types of insects, crabs, centipede, etc.

Mostly

shell . Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical or asymmetrical as in pila. Body distinguished into 3 parts: 1) Anterior head with sensory organs. 2) Dorsal visceral mass with organ system. 3) Ventral foot for locomotion. e.g.: snails, octopus, mussel, etc.

aquatic with unsegmented body covered in a

snails

Mostly

marine, unisexual, triploblastic animals having tough spiny exoskeleton made up of CaCO3 . Body is unsegmented and hard, with a radial symmetry. Having coelom and water vascular system. Tube feet for locomotion. e.g.: Starfish, antedon, sea urchin.

Sea-urchin

antedon

Starfish

Mostly

marine or burrowing worms like animals with soft, unsegmented, triploblastic body having bilateral symmetry. Posses notochord only in embryonic stage. Have 3 distinct parts viz. proboscis, collar, trunck. Reproduce by sexual means. Posses gill slits for respiration. e.g.: balanoglossus.

Notochord

column. Dorsal nerve chord develops in the nervous system. Paired gill clefts or lungs for respiration. Closed blood vascular system with red blood and heart on ventral side of the body. {This phylum is divided into 6 classes.

develops into skull and a true vertebral

Marine animals having fishlike body with bilateral symmetry. Have suctorial mouth and unpaired fins. e.g.: Lamprey, Myxine.

Myxine
Lamprey

Mostly

aquatic. Respiration is through gills. Heart is 2 chambered. Cold blooded. Body temperature changes with surrounding. They re oviparous. Fertilization is external. Possess covered or uncovered gill slits for respiration. Uses fins for swimming. e.g.: Electric ray, dog fish, rohu

dog fish Electric ray rohu

Can live in water as well as in land. No scales but skin has mucose glands. Short fore limbs and long hind limbs with 5 webbed digits Heart is 3 chambered. Unisexual, oviparous& fertilization. Respire by gills. e.g.: Frog, salamander, toad.

salamander

Cold blooded, mostly terrestrial. Skin is dry, rough, scaly and body is divisible into: a)head b)neck c)abdomen and d)tail. Unisexual, oviparous having internal fertilization. Respiration by lungs. Most have 3 chambered hearts. Except crocodile(4 chambered). e.g.: Turtles, flying lizard, king cobra, python, etc.

flying lizard

Warm blooded, unisexual & oviparous. Well adapted to aerial life. Forelimbs modified into wings and the body is covered with feathers as exoskeleton. Body is streamlined, spindle shaped, light due to hollow bones. Breathing through lungs. Heart is 4 chambered. External mouth part is called beak. Have sharp sight of seeing and hearing. Have telescopic vision which allows them to see their prey from great height. e.g.: Eagle, kite, parrot, etc.

Warm blooded, mostly terrestrials. Mammary glands to produce milk to nourish their young ones. Skin covered with hair and skin has sweat and oil glands. Unisexual and viviparous.(only platypus and echidna lay eggs) Breathing by lungs Heart is 4 chambered. Movable jaws with teeth and eyes with movable eyelids. Muscular diaphragm is present between thoracic and abdominal cavities. They produce sound with active vocal-cords. e.g.: humans, whale, bat, dog, etc.

Calcarea

Porifera

Metazoa

Silicarea

Ancestral colonial flagellate Eumetazoa Bilateria Deuterostomia Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa

Ctenophora

Radiata

Cnidaria

Echinodermata

Chordata

Brachiopoda

Phoronida

Ectoprocta

Platyhelminthes

Nemertea

Mollusca

Annelida

Rotifera

Nematoda

Arthropoda