Ti!ues le!

on 6

Group 2
Kingdom of plandora
 What will we learn?

The thing in Amoeba is that

they do everything in the
same place. They take in
and digest their food,
1

reject their waste and get

through everything else
they need to do, all within
a single cell.

But we humans, along with the rest of the

multicellular animal kingdom are substantially
more complex. Cells are the most basic building
blocks in the hierarchy of increasingly complex
structures that makes you what you are. •
-

. i

i
-

• •
•
.

Tissues are like the fabric of your body, In

fact the term literally means “woven” and
when two or more tissues combine, they
form our organs.
 Introduction to the world of ti!ues

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Broadly, they can be classified as plant and animal issues.

The kind of tissues that make up plants are very different
from the kind that make up animals. For example, most of
the tissues plants have are supportive, which provides them
with structural strength. Most of these tissues are dead.
Animals on the other hand move around in search of food,
mates and shelter. They consume more energy as compared
to plants. Most of the tissues they contain are living.
Now, let us get into some of the details.

Lets take a look at the

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different types of ti!ues !
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Plant ti!ues :
Plant tissue is a collection of similar Add
cells performing an organized function *

for the plant!

* There are two types of Plant Tissues –

· Meristematic Tissue
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· Permanent Tissue
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 Lets take a look at the meristematic ti!ue
Cells of the meristematic tissue are found in meristems,
which are plant regions of continuous cell division
and growth
Meristematic Tissues are further classified as Apical,
Lateral and Intercalary
· Apical meristem – Is present at the growing tips
of the stems and roots and increases the length of the
stem and root.
· Lateral meristem – Is responsible for increase in
circumference i.e. girth of the stem or root of the
plant
· Intercalary meristem - Is present on leaf base
and nodes
 Permanent Ti!ues
DIFFERENTIATION

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What are permanent tissues?
Is the process of
-Permanent tissues arise from
meristematic tissues . taking up a permanent
-They have structural and functional
shape, size and ability
properties.
-They can be made up of dead or
living cells
There are 2 types of permanent tissues ! _*iqµ%¥
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Simple permanent and complex permanent ☒☒

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tissues . Lets take a look at them.

-There are 3 main types of

Simple permanent ti!ue! simple permanent tissues
which we shall learn
These are tissues that are made up about.They are:
of only one type of cell. They Parenchyma,
collenchyma
usually have a structural role. sclerenchyma

*Parenchyma tissues !
-Parenchyma tissues are made up of
loosely packed cells with thin cell walls
and large intercellular spaces.
-help in support and storAge
-2 types are namely, chlorenchyma and
aerenchyma Parenchyma
 *Collenchyma tissues !
65

-Collenchyma tissues are made up .

of live cells which have irregularly

thickened corners
-help in bending, provide Collenchyma
mechanical strength . .

*Sclerenchyma tissues !
-Sclerenchyma tissues make up the hard
and stiff parts of the plant.
-made up of dead, long and narrow ok
cells.
-walls are thick due to presence of
lignin
Sclerenchyma

Now lets take a look into the epidermis

Q2. The epidermis in desert

Q1 state any 3 roles of !e epidermis.
plants is covered by a waxy
Ans.-The epidermis protects all parts of
coating. Name !e substance
the plant
and state advantages of it .
-Epidermal cells on the aerial part of the
Ans. The substance that is covering
plant often secrete a waxy, water
the desert plants is known as cutin ,
resistant layer which helps in protection
its advantages : it has waterproof
against water loss and mechanical injury
quality and provides protection
-Protect against invasion of parasitic
against water loss , due to lack of
fungi.
water in desert plants
 Complex permanent ti!ues! FHDTBFEO.fi#eoaoeajag
-complex Important * Vascular or 2 types !
permanent tissues conductive tissue is a Namely,
are tissues made of distinctive feature of the Xylem and
more than one complex plants, one that has
Phloem
kind of cell. made possible their survival
in the terrestrial
environment.

*Xylem tissues! One way only

Xylem is a vascular and Water and minerals
mechanical tissue. Its cells have
thick walls, and many of them No end walls between
are dead. Xylem consists of cells
four different elements, namely
tracheids, vessels, xylem
parenchyma and xylem fibres. Xylem
*Phloem tissues! Two way flow
water and food
Phloem, only provides
mechanical strength. End walls with
Phloem transports food perforations
from leaves to other Phloem
plant parts.
These perforations are called sieve plates.
Cytoplasmic connections pass !rough !em,
joining !e cells above and below.
 Now lets look at some animal ti!ues !
1st type of animal tissue well be looking at is epi!elial tissue
Epithelial ti!ues!
-prevent the entry of any unwanted The different
substances within the body or between epi!elial tissues well
two different organs, some types of * be looking at are:
epithelia are Selectively Permeable. squamous, columnar
-All epithelium are usually separated
from the underlying tissue of the organ and cuboidal
by an extracellular fibrous basement
membrane.
Squamous epi!elium is divided into 2
Bo types ,simple squamous and stratified
squamous

A) Simple squamous epi!elium

This type of epithelial tissue is very
delicate and its cells are thin and flat. It
can be seen covering the inner lining of
the esophagus and the lining of the
mouth . It is a selectively permeable
membrane. Simple squamous

B) Stratified squamous epithelium

Q) What do you !ink is !e largest organ
in our body ?
This answer comes easy to all of us. Skin
is the largest organ of our body. It
protects our body and provides us
information about the external
environment. Stratified sqaumous
C) Columnar epithelium

A special type of epithelium cells are

present called the Columnar Epithelium .
The word ‘Columnar’ is used to describe
the tall, pillar-like shape of the cells.
Columnar epithelium
D) Cuboidal epithelium

Cuboidal Epithelium helps with

mechanical support in organs such as
the kidney tubules and salivary gland
ducts. As the name suggests, these
epithelium have cube-shaped cells. Cuboidal epithelium

Co"ective ti!ues !
What does a Connective Tissue do?
-Keeps you looking young
-Makes up your skeleton
-Delivers oxygen and nutrients throughout your body
Connective tissues are pretty much everywhere in your body Connective tissue
We’ve got 4 major types/classes of connective tissues -
Proper one - the kind you’d find in ligaments or supporting your skin.Along with….
Cartilage, Bone And Blood
Your fat, which is a type of proper connective tissue,
provides insulation and fuel storage and also serves
structural purposes like keeping your kidneys in place and
Adipose tissue
keeping your eyeballs from falling out of your sockets.
Your bones, tendons, and cartilage bind, support and
protect your organs and gives you a skeleton so that
you can move with a purpose
And your blood transports hormones, nutrients and
other materials all over your body.. Blood tissue

Connective Tissues are mostly composed of non-living

materials called the extracellular matrix.
The inert matrix between connective tissue cells is
actually more important than what’s inside the cell.
Bone tissue
Blood :
Blood is a type of connective tissue. The cells of connective
tissue are loosely spaced and embedded in an intercellular
matrix. The matrix may be jelly-like, fluid, dense or rigid.
Blood has a fluid matrix called plasma, in which (RBCs),
(WBCs) and platelets are suspended.

RBCs are large in number

and have iron-containing
red respiratory pigment, !e
haemoglobin. They play a
vital role in !e transport of
oxygen !roughout !e body.
This oxygen is utilised in !e
tissues for !e oxidation of
foodstuff to obtain energy.
WBCs carry out !e function of
body defence by engulfing
bacteria and o!er foreign
substances. Some special types
of WBCs transform into
macrophages and histiocytes.
Some of !em also produce
antibodies; some o!ers later
transform into plasma cells.
Bone :
Bone is another example of a connective tissue.
It is a strong, specialised,and nonflexible tissue.
Two bones can be connected to each other by another type
of connective tissue called the ligament.
Tendons connect muscles to bones and are another type
of connective tissue.
Cartilage :
Another type of connective tissue is cartilage. It
has widely spaced cells. Like bone, it is a
specialised connective tissue.

Cartilage smoothens bone surfaces at joints and is

also present in the nose, ear, trachea and larynx.
We can fold the cartilage of the ears, but we
cannot bend the bones in our arms.
 Muscular ti!ues!
Muscles are flexible, soft tissues made mostly of protein that
allow your body to have movement and strength and are
important to your survival.
Three main types of muscle fibres are:
1.Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle/involuntary muscle, is a type of muscle that
has no cross stripes when viewed under a microscope. Unlike
striated muscle, smooth muscular tissue contracts gently and
automatically.
2. Cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle is an involuntary striated muscle tissue
found only in the heart and is responsible for the ability
of the heart to pump blood. We can find them in places
like the alimentary canal and blood vessels.

3. Striated muscle
Striated muscles are complex tissues that transfer chemical
energy into physical work. Striated muscles' main job is to
generate force and contract in order to support
respiration, movement, and posture (skeletal muscle), as
well as to pump blood throughout the body (cardiac
muscle)
Slow-twitch (Type I) and fast-twitch (Type II) skeletal muscle
fibres are the two categories . Type I muscle fibres are more
efficient. They are mostly used for posture maintenance ,e.g.,
keeping the head upright and endurance training (like marathon
running).Type II muscle fibres, which use anaerobic respiration, are
better for short bursts of speed than Type I fibres, but they
exhaust faster. Striated muscles are under our conscious control,
hence they are called voluntary.
Nervous ti!ues!
cells of the nervous tissue are highly specialised for
being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus
very rapidly from one place to another within the
body. The brain, spinal cord and nerves are all
composed of the nervous tissue. The cells of this
tissue are called nerve cells or neurons.
The functional combination of nerve and muscle
tissue is fundamental to most animals. This
combination enables them to move rapidly in
response to stimuli
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