B.

Permanent Tissue:

The plant tissues which have lost the power of division are called permanent
tissue.

Types of permanent tissue:

1. Simple Permanent Tissue

2. Complex Permanent Tissue
3. Special or secretory Tissue

1. Simple Permanent Tissue: The permanent tissue which is made up of only

one type of cells or similar cells having common origin, form and function is
known as simple permanent tissue.
Or, The group of cells which have lost the power of division and made up of
similar types of cells are called simple permanent tissue. They are divided
into three types;
  Parenchyma
 Collenchyma and
 Sclerenchyma

a) Parenchyma
These are irregularly oval, spherical or elongated thin walled living
permanent tissue made up of similar type of cells.
General Characteristics;

 It is Simple, common and most abundant tissue found in plants.

 Cells are isodiametric and living.
 Shape of cells may oval, rounded and polygonal having intercellular space
between them.
 Cell wall is thin made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin.
 They have well developed vacuole inside the cells.
 Found in all organs of plant; root, stem, leaves, seed, fruits and flower,
mostly in non-woody areas.
 Function: Main function is storage of food.
 Types of parenchymatous tissue:
i. Chlorenchymatous tissue:

 The parenchymatous tissue which Contain chlorophyll in their cells is

called chlorenchymatos tissue.
 They are found in green parts of plant and help in photosynthesis.
 The chlorenchymatous tissues present between upper and lower
epidermis of leaf are called Mesophyll cells.

ii. Aerenchyma tissue:

 The elongated parenchymatous tissues which enclose air space in between

their cells are called aerenchymatous tissue.
 They are found in hydrophytes and help in gaseous exchange and buoyancy
(floatation).
iii. Prosenchyma tissue:

 The elongated thick walled parenchymatous tissue with tapering or pointed

ends are called prosenchyma.
 Found in petiole and provide mechanical support.

iv. Idioblasts:

 Special parenchymatous tissue which produce or store tannins, oils, calcium

oxalate.

v. Xylem Parenchyma:
 The parenchymatous tissues present in xylem are called xylem parenchyma.
 They help in lateral conduction of water and minerals from to different
organs of plant.

vi. Phloem Parenchyma:

 The parenchymatous tissues present in phloem are called phloem
parenchyma.
 They help in lateral conduction of food from leaves to different parts.

vii. Epidermal Parenchyma:

 Parenchymatous cell which form outer layer of the plant organs i.e.
epidermis, called epidermal parenchyma.
 Function: outer protective cover
b) Collenchyma
These are elongated thick walled living mechanical tissue made up of
similar type of cells.

General Characteristics
 Collenchyma is living mechanical tissue.
 Cells are elongated; in T.S they are irregularly oval or spherical.
 Cell wall is thick, made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin.
 Intercellular space is absent due to cellulose-pectin deposition.
 Well-developed vacuole is present.
 Found in hypodermis of dicot stem, petiole, pedicel, fruits. They are
absent in root and monocot stem.
 They provide elasticity and protects from tearing of leaves.
 If they contain chlorophyll, help in photosynthesis.
 Function: They provide mechanical support to the plants.
 Types of collenchyma on the basis of intercellular thickening: 3 types
i. Angular collenchyma: Collenchymatous tissue in which all the
intercellular space is filled is called angular collenchyma. Example;
Tomato, Datura

ii. Plate or lamellate or tangential collenchyma: Collenchymatous

tissue in which thickening occurs at the entire cell wall is called plate
collenchyma. Example; Sunflower, Eupatorium

iii. Lacunar or tubular collenchyma: Collenchymatous tissue in which

thickening occurs at the cell walls lining the intercellular space is
called lacunar collenchyma. Example; Pumpkin, Malva
c) Sclerenchyma
These are thick walled lignified dead tissues, made up of similar types of
cells.

General Characteristics
 It is dead tissue found in plants. Initially these tissue are living but
later due to deposition of protoplasmic materials i.e. lignin in its wall,
the cell become dead.
 The cells are hexagonal in transverse section.
 Cells are compactly arranged without intercellular space.
 Cell wall is made up of lignin and pectin.
 Mostly found in hard parts of plant and present in hypodermis,
pericycle and xylem.
 Cells contain narrow lumen i.e. cavity or empty space and pits that
connects cell.
 Function: These are pure mechanical tissues which provide
mechanical support/rigidity.
Sclerenchymatous tissues are classified into two types; fibres and sclereids.

i. Fibre: Fibres are highly elongated, narrow thick walled

sclerenchymatous cell with pointed end walls. They provide mechanical
support and found in leaves, petiole, pericycle, xylem and phloem and
around the vascular bundles of monocot stem. Example: coconut coir,
commercial fibres like jute, hemp, flax fibres etc.

ii. Sclereids or stone cells: Sclereids are highly thickened, hard, stony and
short sclerenchymatous cell. They provide mechanical support especially
hardness and strength, commonly occurs in fruits, seeds and bark.
Example: Endocarp of coconut, walnut covering, grit of apple etc.
 Types of Sclereids
1. Brachysclereids or Stone Cells - These are unbranched, short and
isodiametric with ramiform pits. For example: grit of Guava, Apple and Pear.
2. Macrosclereids - These are elongated and columnar or rod-like. For
example: epidermal covering of legume seeds.
3. Osteosclereids - These are bone-like or columnar with swollen ends. For
example: sub-epidermal covering of legume seeds.
4. Astrosclereids - These are branched as star. For example: petiole of lotus,
tea leaves.
5. Filiform Sclereids - These are fibre like, sparingly branched. For example:
Olea.
6. Trichosclereids- These are elongated hair-like. These branch once and
extend into intercellular spaces. Example; leaves of hydrophytes