CLASSIFICATIONS
T I S S U E
- groups of similar cells which operate
together to perform specific functions.
TERMS:
Histology- study of tissue; branch of
microscopic anatomy
Pathology- study of diseased body structure
Pathologist- physician specializing the study
of disease; specializes in clinical & surgical
pathology/autopsy
Autopsy- post-mortem, assessment of the
body to determine the cause of death
Biopsy- removal and examination of the
tissue from the living body often to
determine a tumor if it is malignant or
benign; diagnoses of the disease process.
4 major types of tissue
1. Epithelial Tissue (epithelium)
- covers the whole surface of the body;
lines body cavities.
Functions:
1. Absorption- in the lining of the small
intestines
2. Secretion- by glands (thyroid gland)
3. Excretion- sweat gland
4. Protection- by our skin
5. Sensory reception- by the taste
buds
• Cover body surfaces, cover and line
internal organs
• Lacks blood vessels
• Has microvilli
• It is subject to constant injury because
of its location.
1. Simple- single layer of cell
2. Stratified- one/two or more layers of
cell
SHAPES OF SUPERFICIAL CELLS
1. Squamous- flat-like shape
2. Cuboidal- cube-like
3. Columnar- elongated
A. Simple Squamous epithelium
- form the lining of lymph vessels, blood
vessels and heart (endothelium)
- lines the peritoneal, pleural, pericardial
and scrotal cavities; the glomerular
capsule in kidneys; lung air sacs (alveoli);
small excretory duct of glands; and
membranes of the inner ear.
- permit diffusion through selective
permeable membrane
Ex. O2 in lung alveoli diffuses without
blood.
B. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
- lining of many glands and heir ducts,
surface of ovaries, inner surface of eye
lens, pigmented epithelium of eye retina,
and some kidney tubules.
- secretion of mucus, sweat, enzymes; for
absorption of fluids/ other substances.
C. Simple Columnar Epithelium
- taller than they are wide
- stomach, intestines, digestive glands and
gall bladder.
- secretions, absorption, protection and
lubrication.
Ex. In the respiratory tract, the mucus
and the cilia combine to trap and sweep
away foreign substances.
D. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- only the superficial is consist of flat
squamous cell
- epidermis, vagina, mouth and
esophagus, anal canal, and the distal end
of urethra.
- for protection
 Ex. Skin---- produces tough protein 2 MAIN TYPES
(keratin)---- cells nuclei disappear---- if it
reaches the surface---- keratinized cells A. Exocrine Glands
flake off as the next batch reach the - have ducts; glands that secrete their
surface. products into ducts that open into
surface.
E. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Ex. Skin, lining of the digestive tract.
- multilayer arrangement
- with superficial layer composed of STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
cuboidal cells. a. Simple
- found in ducts of sudoriferous glands, 1. Unicellular glands
sebaceous glands, and developing GOBLET CELL---MUCIN---MUCUS
epithelium in the ovaries and testes. (thick lubricating fluid which help in
- secretion lubrication)
2. Tubular Glands
F. Stratified Columnar Epithelium - aid for digestion
- has multi-layered arrangement with - found in intestinal glands
superficial layer composed of tall, thin 3. Branched Tubular glands
columnar cells. - protect and aids in digestion
- larynx, nasal surface of soft palate, parts -uterine/gastric gland
of the pharynx, urethra, excretory ducts of 4. Acinar Glands
salivary glands and mammary glands. - provides additive to spermatozoa
- secretion and movement of materials - seminal vesicle
over the cell surface.
b. Compound glands
G. Pseudo Stratified Columnar Epithelium 1. Branched acinar glands
- single layer of cells varying height and - conditions the skin
shape - sebaceous gland
- large excretory duct, most of male 2. Tubular glands
reproductive tract, nasal cavity, other - lubrication
respiratory passages and part of ear cavity. - Volvo urethral gland – produces
- for protection, secretion, movement of lubrication in the urethra
substances across surfaces. 3. Acinar Glands
Ex. Mucus from respiratory tract swept - infant nutrient and aids digestion
by cilia then coughed out or swallowed (salivary gland- submandibular gland
then eliminated. & sublingual gland)
- mammary gland
H. Transitional Epithelium 4. Tubuloacinar glands
- surface changes shape, round when not - aids in digestion (salivary gland-
stretch, and flat when stretched parotid gland and pancreas)
- urinary tract where it lined the bladder,
ureters, urethra and parts of the kidney. CLASSIFICATION OF GLANDULAR
- function is to allow changes in shape. EPITHELIUM

I. Glandular Epithelium a. Mucous- secretes thick mucus

- composed of cells specialized to produce b. Serous- secretes thinner watery
and secrete substances into ducts or into substance containing enzymes
body fluids.
 c. Mixed- contains both mucous and More Specialized Form:
serous cells & produce serous and
• Cartilage
mucous secretion.
• Bones
SECRETORY CLASSIFICATION OF EXOCRINE • Blood
GLANDS
➢ Matrix – most important
1. Merocrine
component
- releases secretion without breaking the
plasma membrane Functions:
- anchored cells secrets water; regulates
temperature; aids digestion 1. Supports and binds tissues together
Ex. Salivary and pancreatic glands; 2. Store nutrients
certain sweat glands. 3. For protection
2. Apocrine 4. Transport
- breaks part of plasma membrane 5. Insulation
- portion of secretory cells and secretions
are discharge; which will become the 3 COMPONENTS
secretion.
- provides nourishment in infants; aids in 1. Cells
regulating the body temperature 2. Fibers
Ex. Mammary glands; certain sweat 3. Ground substance
glands FIBERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
3. Halocrine
- breaks plasma membrane 1. Collagenous Fibers
- entire secretory cell with enclosed - whiteish fibers that contains protein
secretion is discharged collagen
- conditions the skin - sturdy, flexible, unstretchable
Ex. Sebaceous glands - tightly packed and stretch resistant
2. Reticular Fibers
B. Endocrine Gland - have form delicately branched network
- ductless glands that secrete hormones compared to collagenous fibers.
directly into the blood stream where they 3. Elastic Fibers
travel to target area. - yellowish; appear single, never in
Ex. Pancreas, pineal bundles
(melatonin), pituitary - elastin gives the resilience in that organ
(adrenocorticotrophic hormone), thyroid - contains microfibirs but doesn’t have the
(T4 & T3) roughness of collagenous fibers.
- can be stretch easiy when pulled and
return to its original shape.

2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

- connects other tissue together
- supporting tissue when cartilage and
A. Fixed Cells
bones are included in the classification of
- includes fibroblast adipose cells
connective tissue.
- in organ hat has connective tissue
(thymus gland, bone marrow, liver, spleen,
Generalized types:
adrenal gland, hypophysis & microglia of
• Lose
CNS)
• Dense
• Elastic
 • Fibroblast TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- most common cell in connective
tissue 1. Bone (osseous) tissue
- only cell that can be found on - bone cells located in lacunae
tendons - small cavity in
- assists in wound healing by bone cartilage
synthesizing and secreting matrix - surrounded by
materials. hard matrix that
• Adipose contains calcium
- fat cells salts.
- synthesizes other lipids - support and protect body organs
• Microphage Cells
- active phagocytes 2. Cartilage
- removes substances capable of - less hard, flexible
engulfing, digesting bacteria and - common type: hyaline cartilage
foreign particles. - reinforces respiratory phasages, aids free
• Reticular Cells movement of joints, assist in growth of
- Reticulo endothelium long bones and allow rib cage to move
- play a role in immune system during breathing.
- removes bacteria, foreign particles
and cellular debris from the blood. a. Hyaline Cartilage
• Wandering Cells - covers the end of he bones, looks
- plasma cell like white glass
- mast cell b. Elastic Cartilage
- granular cell - found in external ear and
epiglottis
➢ Leukocytes- phagocytes and help - leaf-shaped flap of cartilage
protect the body. behind the tongue which covers
the passage of air during
B. Plasma Cell swallowing.
- specific type of leukocytes c. Fibro Cartilage
- main producers of antibodies - forms the intervertebral discs
- help defend the body in - collagenous fibers
microbial infection and cancer. - shock absorber for structure that
C. Mast Cell is subjective to pressure.
- large cells that is effective in fighting
long term infection and inflammation 3. Dense Connective Tissue
- form strong, rope-like structure as
❖ Macrophage tendons and ligaments
- either fixed/wandering cell
- produces antibodies o Tendon – skeletal muscle to bone
- removes dead cells, tissue debris, o Ligament- bone to bone
microorganism and foreign particles o Strain- injured over
from fluid and matrix of body tissue. exertion/twisting
o Sprain (ligaments)- twisted
4. Loose Connective Tissue
- softer, more cells, fewer fibers than any
other connective tissue type except the
blood.
a. Areolar Tissue
- universal packing tissue/glue
because it holds internal organs in
their proper position.
- almost found in all parts of the
body
- elasticity and tensile
b. Adipose connective Tissue
- clustered adipose cell, specialized
for fat storage.
- attached to loose connective tissue
- protection from extreme
temperature
- beneath the skin, spaces between
muscles, around the kidney, behind
eyeballs, certain abdominal
membranes, surface of the heart,
around certain joints.
2 TYPES OF ADIPOSE TISSUE
A. White Adipose Tissue
- 20-25% of body weight
- thermal insulator and energy storage
- supporting he kidneys, eyes, between
muscles and fibers and under the skin.
B. Brown Adipose Tissue
4. nervous tissue
- present in newborn
- present in adult in small amount
- produces less energy and considerably
more heat than other fats.
5. Reticular Connective Tissue
- connecting and supporting framework of
reticular bones
- lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen and
thymus gland.
6. Blood
- same embryonic origin with other
connective tissue
- cells, fibers, ground substance
- transport vehicle for cardiovascular
system, carrying nutrients, waste, and
respiratory gases.
3. Muscle tissue
- able to relax and contract
- helps the body parts for movement
3 TYPES
a. Skeletal Muscle
- straited muscle, voluntary muscle
- attached to the bones
- supplied with motor nerves
- produce heat
b. Cardiac Muscle
- involuntary
- heart acts as a pump and propels blood
through blood vessels.
- striated, cell is single nucleus where it
touches another cell in the intercellular
junction called intercalated disc.
- interlocking folds which
permit the electrical impulses of muscle
contraction from one cell to another.
c. Smooth Muscle
- involuntary
- no striation visible
- spindle shape
- wall of hallow organs (intestines,
stomach)
- wall of arteries and vein
- iris of the eyes
- main tissue component of CNS and PNS
- sensory reception and conduction of
nerve impulses
a. Neuron
- structural and functional unit of nervous
system
- specialized to react to physical and
chemical changes in their environment
- initiate, conduct, receive and transmit
information.
b. Neuroglia (glial cells)
- provides physical support, insulation
and nutrients for neuron.