hapter 5

C
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
SEELEY'S ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY, 9TH EDITION.

Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
The integumentary system consists of the skin and accessory
structures, such as hair, glands, and nails.

FUNCTION OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

PROTECTION. The skin provides protection against abrasion and
ultraviolet light. It also prevents microorganisms from entering the body
and reduces water loss, thus preventing dehydration.

SENSATION. The integumentary system has sensory receptors that can

detect heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain.

VITAMIN D PRODUCTION. When exposed to ultraviolet light, the skin

produces a molecule that can be transformed into vitamin D, an
important regulator of calcium homeostasis.

TEMPERATURE REGULATION. The amount of blood flow beneath the

skin’s surface and the activity of sweat glands in the skin both help
regulate body temperature.

EXCRETION. Small amounts of waste products are lost through the skin
and in gland secretions.

SKIN
Also known as
CUTANEOUS
MEMBRANE
Covers the
external surface of
the body
Covers an area of
about 2 square
meters.
Weighs 4.5-5kg
7% of total body
weight.
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EPIDERMIS
Two Major Tissue KERATINIZATION
During their movement, the
Layers cells change shape and
A. EPIDERMIS chemical composition.
The most superficial layer of skin This process is called
Layer of epithelial tissue that keratinization because the
rests on dermis cells become filled with the
Stratified squamous epithelium protein keratin, which makes
Avascular them hard.
As keratinization proceeds,
epithelial cells eventually die
and produce an outer layer of
dead, hard cells that resists
abrasion and forms a
permeability barrier.

EPIDERMIS
STRATUM BASALE
The deepest stratum
Consists of SQUAMOUS
CUBOIDAL or COLUMNAR
cells that undergo mitotic
divisions about every 19 days.
EPIDERMIS
STRATUM SPINOSUM
Superficial to the stratum
basale
Appear to be covered with
thorn-like spines.
Consists of 8-10 layers
EPIDERMIS
STRATUM GRANULOSUM
Middle of the epidermis
Consists of three to five
layers
EPIDERMIS
STRATUM LUCIDUM
Present only in thick skin of areas
such as fingertips, palms and
soles.
Consists of 4-6 layers of flattened
clear, dead keratinocytes that
contain large amounts of keratin
and thickened plasma membrane.
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EPIDERMIS
EPIDERMIS STRATUM CORNEUM
STRATUM CORNEUM DANDRUFF
Most superficial stratum of Excessive sloughing of stratum
the epidermis corneum cells from the surface of
Consists on average of 25 to 30 the scalp.
layers of flattened dead
keratinocytes
Cells are continuously shed
and replaced by cells from
deeper strata

STRATUM CORNEUM STRATUM CORNEUM

CALLUS CORN
Increased number of layers of the Thickened stratum corneum over
stratum corneum due to friction bony prominence that forms a
in the skin. cone shape structure.

CLINICAL CONNECTION

STRATUM CORNEUM
PSORIASIS
A common and chronic skin
disorder in which keratinocytes
divide and move more quickly
than normal from the stratum
basale to the stratum corneum.
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DERMIS
Two Major Tissue
Layers
B. DERMIS
Composed of dense collagenous
connective tissue

DERMAL PAPILLAE
small nippled-shaped structures
that project into the under surface
of the epidermis
Upper part of the dermis
Contain many blood vessels that
supply the overlying epidermis.

SKIN COLOR
MELANIN
The group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.
PHEOMELANIN- Yellow to red pigments
EUMELANIN- Brown to black pigments
Provides protection against ultraviolet light from the sun
Produced by melanocytes.

SKIN COLOR
MELANOCYTES
Irregularly shaped
cells with many
long process that
extend between the
epithelial cells of
the deep part of the
epidermis.
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DERMIS
CLINICAL CONNECTION

DERMIS
STRETCH MARKS
A form of internal scarring, can
result from the internal damage
to dermis that occurs when the
skin is stretched to much

CLINICAL CONNECTION

DERMIS
FRECKLES
Caused by increased melanin
production

CLINICAL CONNECTION

DERMIS
ALBINISM
A recessive genetic trait that
causes a deficiency or an absence
of melanin
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DERMIS
CLINICAL CONNECTION

DERMIS
VITILIGO
The partial or complete loss of
melanocytes from patches of skin
that produces irregular white
spots

CLINICAL CONNECTION

DERMIS
SUN TAN
Ultraviolet light in sunlight
stimulates melanocytes to
increase melanin production

CLINICAL CONNECTION

DERMIS
LINIA NIGRA
Hormones such:
Estrogen
Melanocyte Stimulating
Hormone
cause an increase in melanin
production during pregnancy in
the mother
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SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
Also known as HYPODERMIS
Loose connective tissue, including adipose tissue that contains about half
the body's stored lipids
Attaches skin to underlying bone and muscle and supplies it with blood
vessels and nerves

ADIPOSE TISSUE
Functions as
padding and
insulation

ACCESSORY
STRUCTURES OF
THE SKIN

ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE SKIN

HAIR
Present on most skin surfaces
except the palms, palmar
surfaces of the fingers, the soles,
and the plantar surfaces of the
feet.
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ACCESSORY STRUCTURES
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE SKIN

HAIR GROWTH

CLINICAL CONNECTION

HAIR
CHEMOTHERAPY INDUCED
HAIR LOSS
Chemotherapeutic agents
interrupt the life cycle of rapidly
dividing cancer cells, such as the
hair matrix cells of hair.

ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE SKIN ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE SKIN

GLANDS
MAJOR GLANDS OF THE SKIN:
1. SEBACEOUS GLANDS
Simple, branched acinar glands
Produces SEBUM
an oily, white substances rich
in lipids
GLANDS
MAJOR GLANDS OF THE SKIN:
2. SWEAT/ SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS
The cells of these glands release
sweat, or perspiration, into hair
follicles or onto the skin surface
through pores.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM AS A

DIAGNOSTIC AID

CYANOSIS
A bluish color to the skin caused
by decreased blood O2 content.
an indication of impaired
circulatory or respiratory
function

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM AS A

DIAGNOSTIC AID

JAUNDICE
A yellowish skin discoloration
When the liver is damaged by a
disease.

BURNS
Injury to a
tissue caused
by heat, cold,
friction,
chemicals,
electricity or
radiation.

BURNS
PARTIAL-THICKNESS BURN
Part of the stratum basale
remains viable, and regeneration
of the epidermis occurs from
within the burn area.
Subdivided into:
First degree burn
Secon degree burn
PARTIAL-THICKNESS BURN
SECOND DEGREE BURN
Damage both the epidermis and
the dermis
Minimal dermal damage:
Redness, pain, edema &
blisters
Wound appears red, tan or
white
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
PARTIAL-THICKNESS BURN
FIRST DEGREE BURN
Involve only the epidermis
Red and painful
Slight edema may be present
They can be caused by sunburn or
brief exposure to very hot or very
cold objects
They heal without scarring in
about a week
FULL-THICKNESS BURN
Also known as THIRD DEGREE
BURN
The epidermis and the dermis are
completely destroyed
Usually painless
Appear white tan, brown, black
or deep cherry red.
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BURNS
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BURNS
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SKIN CANCER
SKIN CANCER

Most common type of cancer

Most often is associated with exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light from the
sun
PREDISPOSING FACTOR:
Fair-skinned
Older than 50 years old

THREE MAIN TYPE OF SKIN CANCER

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA SQUAMOUS CELL MALIGNANT MELANOMA

The most frequent CARCINOMA Rare form of skin

type Develops from cancer that arises
Begins with cells cells immediately from melanocytes
in the stratum superficial to the The melanoma
basale and stratum basale can appear as a
extends into the If untreated. the large, flat,
dermis to produce tumor can invade spreading lesion
an open ulcer the dermis, or as a deeply
MANAGEMENT: mettastasize pigmented nodule
Surgical removal
or radiation
therapy
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SKIN DISEASE
ECZEMA
is an allergic reaction that
manifests as dry, itchy patches of
skin that resemble rashes.
It may be accompanied by
swelling of the skin, flaking, and
in severe cases, bleeding.
Many who suffer from eczema
have antibodies against dust
mites in their blood, but the link
between eczema and allergy to
dust mites has not been proven.
Symptoms are usually managed
with moisturizers, corticosteroid
creams, and
ACNE
immunosuppressants.
is a skin disturbance that typically
occurs on areas of the skin that are
rich in sebaceous glands (face and
back).
It is most common along with the
onset of puberty due to associated
hormonal changes, but can also
occur in infants and continue into
adulthood.
Hormones, such as androgens,
stimulate the release of sebum. An
overproduction and accumulation of
sebum along w/ keratin can block
hair follicles
This plug is initially white. The
sebum, when oxidized by exposure to
air, turns black.
Acne results from infection by acne-
causing bacteria (Propionibacterium
and Staphylococcus), which can lead
to redness and potential scarring
due to the natural wound healing
process
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

SKIN DISEASE

DERMATITIS IMPETIGO RINGWORM

DECUBITU ULCER RUBELLA SHINGLES

GENITAL HERPES COLD SORES CHICKEN POX

 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

SUMMARY
FUNCTIONS OF INTEGUMENTARY
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, glands, and nails.
The integumentary system protects us from the external environment.
Other functions include sensation, vitamin D production, temperature regulation, and
excretion of small amounts of waste products.

SKIN
EPIDERMIS
1. The epidermis is stratified squamous epithelium divided into strata.
New cells are produced in the stratum basale
The stratum corneum consist of many layers of dead squamous cells containing keratin.
The most superficial layers are sloughed.
2. Keratinization is the transformation of stratum basale cells into stratum corneum cells.
Structural strengths result from keratin inside the cells and from desmosomes, which
hold the cells together

DERMIS
1. The dermis is dense connective tissue.
2. Collagen and elastic fibers provide structural strength, and the blood vessels of the
papillae supply the epidermis with nutrients.

SKIN COLOR
1. Melanocytes produce melanin, which is responsible for different skin colors. Melanin
production is determined genetically but can be modified by exposure to ultraviolet light
and by hormones.
2. Carotene, a plant pigment ingested as a source of vitamin A, can cause the skin to appear
yellowish.
3. Increased blood flow produces a red skin color, whereas decreased blood flow causes a
pale skin color. Decreased blood O2 results in the blue skin color of cyanosis.
4. Scattering of light by collagen produces a bluish color.

SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
1. The subcutaneous tissue, which is not part of the skin, is loose connective tissue that
attaches the skin to underlying tissues.
2. About half of the body’s lipids are stored in the subcutaneous tissue.

ACCESSORY SKIN STRUCTURE

HAIR
1. Hairs are columns of dead, keratinized epithelial cells. Each hair consists of a shaft
(above the skin), a root (below the skin), and a hair bulb (site of hair cell formation).
2. Hairs have a growth phase and a resting phase.
3. Contraction of the arrector pili, which are smooth muscles, causes hair to “stand on end”
and produces a “goose bump.”
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

SUMMARY
GLANDS
1. Sebaceous glands produce sebum, which oils the hair and the surface of the skin.
2. Eccrine sweat glands produce sweat, which cools the body.
3. Apocrine sweat glands produce an organic secretion that causes body odor when broken
down by bacteria.

NAILS
1. The nail consists of the nail body and the nail root.
2. The nail matrix produces the nail, which is composed of stratum corneum cells
containing hard keratin.

PHYSIOLOGY OF INTEGUMENTARY
PROTECTION
The skin reduces water loss, prevents the entry of microorganisms, and provides
protection against abrasion and ultraviolet light; hair and nails also perform protective
functions.

SENSATION
The skin contains sensory receptors for pain, heat, cold, and pressure.

VITAMIN D PRODUCTION
Ultraviolet light stimulates the production of a precursor molecule in the skin that is
modified by the liver and kidneys into vitamin D.
Vitamin D increases calcium uptake in the small intestine.

TEMPERATURE REGULATION
Through dilation and constriction of blood vessels, the skin controls heat loss from the
body.
Evaporation of sweat cools the body.

EXCRETION
Skin glands remove small amounts of waste products but are not important in excretion.

INTEGUMENTARY AS A DIAGNOSTIC AID

The integumentary system is easily observed and often reflects events occurring in other
parts of the body (e.g., cyanosis, jaundice, rashes).

BURNS
1. Partial-thickness burns damage only the epidermis (first-degree burn) or the epidermis
and the dermis (second-degree burn).
2. Full-thickness burns (third-degree burns) destroy the epidermis, the dermis, and usually
underlying tissues.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

SUMMARY
SKIN CANCER
1. Basal cell carcinoma involves the cells of the stratum basale and is readily treatable.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma involves the cells immediately superficial to the stratum
basale and can metastasize.
3. Malignant melanoma involves melanocytes, can metastasize, and is often fatal.

REFERENCE

Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition.

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