MATA KULIAH ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGI

“SISTEM GERAK”

Dosen Pengampu :
Dwi Novri Supriatiningrum, S.Pd., M.Kes
Program Studi S1 Ilmu Gizi
Fakultas Kesehatan
Universitas Muhammadiyah
INDIKATOR

❖ Konsep dan prinsip anatomi Sistem

Gerak
❖ Konsep dan prinsip fisiologis Sistem
Gerak
❖ Gangguan Sistem Gerak
THE HUMAN SKELETON
The skeleton made of solid, dry, inert
material
Bone is in fact a complex living organism
that is being recreated constantly
Bone is metabolically active.
.
The skeleton needs many other systems
of the body for it to function properly
For example, the nervous system and
the muscles and for the body to move in
its various and complex ways (the spine,
for example, allows us to twist and
bend)
The Bones of The Axial Skeleton
The Axial Skeleton

The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the

body and consists of 80 bones.

This part of the skeleton supports the head

(including the bones in the ear), neck and the
torso (this is also referred to as the trunk).

It consists of the skull, the vertebral column, the

ribs and the sternum
The Appendicular Skeleton

The bones of the appendicular skeleton are

those bones of the upper and lower extremities

The arms and the legs as well as the bones that

attach them to the axial skeleton.

There are 126 bones in the appendicular

skeleton
BONE AND ITS FUNCTIONS
provides support

enables movement

stores minerals and lipids

protects the body

produces blood cells.

 SUPPORT

Apart from bone and

cartilage, all body tissue is
The way the bones are
soft, and without the
arranged provides the body
skeleton the body would be
with its shape/form.
jelly‐like and would not be
able to stand up.

The skeletal system provides

structural support for the
body, providing a bony
framework for the
attachment of soft tissues
and organs.
MOVEMENT

A number of bones can (through

These movements can be very
leverage, contracting and pulling)
The bones act as levers, providing intricate, the ability to thread a
change the extent and direction of
the transmission of muscular needle, to gross movement, such
the forces generated by skeletal
forces. as the ability to change body
muscles, through the work of the
posture.
tendons and the ligaments.
STORAGE
The bones are capable of Calcium is the most Lipids are also stored in the

ENERGY
MINERALS

CALCIUM
storing essential minerals
such as calcium, magnesium
and phosphorus
abundant mineral in the yellow marrow of some
human body. bones; lipids are stored or
The bone also has the ability released depending on the
to release stored minerals in body’s needs when
response to the body’s providing energy.
demands; for example, when
the amount of calcium in the
blood is high (a high
concentration) the calcium
can be deposited in the
bones.
When calcium in the blood is
low or it decreases, the
bones give up calcium into
the bloodstream.
PROTECTION

The pelvis shields and

Bone, a rigid structure,
protects the delicate
protects most of the
internal abdominal
soft tissues of the body
digestive and
and the internal organs;
reproductive organs.
PRODUCTION

There are some bones in the

body that produce red and Haematopoiesis mainly
white blood cells; this is occurs in red bone marrow.
known as haematopoiesis.

The red bone marrow fills

the internal cavity of most
bones; yellow bone marrow
can also be found in some
bones, but this is made up
mainly of fat.
 OSSIFICATION
• The strength of bone comes from the protein matrix, which
provides it with resilience and elasticity.
• This allows bone to give a little as it is comes under pressure.
Within the bone are a number of minerals that have been
deposited there
• These add to the strength of bone, protecting it and
supporting it as pressure and force are applied. It is
important to understand how bone develops, as this can
help understand its strengths and boundaries.
 OSSIFICATION

Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteocytes

Intramembranous Ossification
ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
BONE FRACTURES
A fracture as the breakage of bone due either to an injury or disease.
There are a number of types of fracture, including:
• simple
• compound
• comminuted
• greenstick (incomplete).
BONE FRACTURES
THE HAVERSIAN SYSTEM IN COMPACT BONES AND TABECULAE
IN SPONGY BONE
ORGANISATION OF BONE BASED ON SHAPE

BONES

Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid

A LONG BONE (THE FEMUR)
THE TARSIAL BONE
(SHORT BONES)
A FLAT BONE (THE STERNUM)
AN IRREGULAR BONE (THE VERTEBRAE)
A SESAMOID BONE (THE PATELLA)
SIX TYPES OF JOINT
SIX TYPES OF JOINT
SIX TYPES OF JOINT
SIX TYPES OF JOINT
SIX TYPES OF JOINT
SIX TYPES OF JOINT
SOME FACTORS THAT IMPACT ON BONE
STRUCTURE
The Bones of
The
Appendicular
Skeleton
THE SKELETON
GANGGUAN DAN PENYAKIT PADA SISTEM
GERAK
• Osteomyelitis is a bone infection
that can occur spontaneously or,
in Vijay’s case, following trauma
or surgery on bones and joints.
Osteomyelitis Implant‐related bone infections,
occurring after joint prosthesis
(hip, knee, shoulder, ankle, etc.)
or osteosynthesis
GANGGUAN DAN PENYAKIT PADA SISTEM
GERAK
• Gout is a disorder of metabolism
where uric acid or urate accumulates
in blood and tissues;
• when supersaturated urate salts

Gout precipitate they form needle-like

crystals, occurring in cool, peripheral
joints of the metatarsophalangeal
joint of the big toe.
GANGGUAN DAN PENYAKIT PADA SISTEM
GERAK
• As a person ages, the action of bone
breakdown and bone build‐up
continues.
• As well as breakdown and rebuilding,
the bone also thickens and bone mass
Osteoarthritis increases.
• Damage to joints, the tissues
surrounding the joints and the bones
themselves can also occur as the
ageing process occurs.
 CONCLUSION
• All activities that people perform are related to movement; for
example, verbal communication, moving the mouth (jaw) to speak,
requires the skeleton.
• The skeleton and the bones of the body are required in order to
perform in the best possible way.
• When gases are exchanged during breathing, mobility is required for
this life‐sustaining activity to occur.
• The intact skeletal system permits these activities to occur.
• Mobility is an essential activity of living.