QPT20903

Dr . Mohanad R. Alwan
 MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM

The musculoskeletal system is the organ

system that gives us the ability to move
(locomotion).
The primary functions of this system
include:
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Functions:
1. Support
 The bones of the legs, pelvic, and vertebral column
support the weight of the erect body.
 The mandible (jawbone) supports the teeth.
 Other bones support various organs and tissues.
2. Protection
 The bones of the skull protect the brain.
 Ribs and sternum (breast bone) protect the lungs and
heart.
 Vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
3. Movement
 Skeletal muscles use the bones as levers to move the
body.
4. Reservoir for minerals and adipose tissue
 99% of the body’s calcium is stored in bone.
 85% of the body’s phosphorous is stored in bone.
5. Hematopoiesis
 All blood cells are made in the marrow of certain bones.
 6. Triglyceride Storage
 Yellow bone marrow
 Triglycerides stored in adipose cells
 Serves as a potential chemical energy
reserve

7 . Heat generation
The musculoskeletal system is
comprised up of the following tissues:
 Muscles
 Bones
 Cartilage, Ligaments, Tendons
 Joints
Muscles
 Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
Joints
 The junction between two or more bones
Tendons
 Cord-like structures that attach muscles to the
periosteum of the bone
 Attachments of the muscle
 Origin and insertion
Ligaments
 Fibrous tissue connecting two adjacent, freely
movable bones
Cartilage
 Firm, dense type of connective tissue
Bursae
 Small sac filled with synovial fluid
 Reduces friction between areas
 JOINTS

Points where bones meet

Classifications
 Structurally: by their anatomy
 Fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial
 Functionally: by the degree of movement they
permit
 Immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable

360 Joints in the Human Body

 STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION

Types
 Fibrous joints - no cavity, just dense irregular
connective tissue
 Cartilaginous joints - no cavity, bones held
together by cartilage
 Synovial joints - have synovial cavity, dense
irregular tissue of articular capsule, and often
ligaments
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

Based on degree of movement they permit

Types
 Synarthrosis: immovable
 Pelvis, sutures, teeth
 Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable
 Epiphyseal plate, tibia-fibula, vertebrae, pelvic
symphysis
 Diarthrosis: freely movable
 Most joints of the body
 All diarthrotic joints are synovial
Fibrous Joints
 CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

Synchondrosis (synarthrosis)
 Cartilage connects two areas of bone
 Example
 Epiphyseal (growth) plate connecting epiphysis and
diaphysis of long bone (synarthrosis)
Symphysis (amphiarthrosos)
 Cartilage connects two bones, but a broad disc
of fibrocartilage is present also
 Examples: pubic symphysis and intervertebral
discs
Cartilaginous Joints

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Cartilaginous Joints
 Synovial Joint

 Most complex joints

 Allow a large degree of relative motion between
articulating bones
 Surrounded by a fibrous capsule (synovial capsule)
 Hip, knee, elbow, ankle, etc.

Synovial fluid:
* The joint capsule secretes whitish fluid that works like
oil in a machine. Functions to reduce friction by:
* Lubricating the joint
* Absorbing shocks
* Supplying oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage
* Removing carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the
cartilage
 SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
STRUCTURE

Synovial cavity: space containing fluid

Articular cartilage
 Covers ends of bones, absorbs shock
Articular capsule
 Inner layer: synovial membrane that secretes
synovial fluid (reduces friction, supplies nutrients)
 Outer layer: dense, irregular connective tissue
SYNOVIAL JOINTS: STRUCTURE

In some cases synovial joints include:

 Ligaments (either inside or outside of joint cavity)
 Menisci (cartilage discs)
 Articular fat pads
 Bursae
 Sacs made of synovial membranes containing fluid
 Located where friction can occur
 Examples: between skin-bone, tendons-bones,
muscles-bones, ligaments-bones
Synovial Joints: Structure

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Knee Joint

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Range of motion (ROM)
 Refers to the range, measured in degrees of a circle,
through which the bones of a joint can be moved
Factors contribute to keeping the articular
surfaces in contact and affect range of
motion:
1. Structure or shape of the articulating bones
 Shape of bones determines how closely they fit together
2. Strength and tension of the joint ligaments
 Ligaments are tense when the joint is in certain positions
 Tense ligaments restrict the range of motion
3.Hormones
 Flexibility may also be affected by hormones
 Relaxin increases the flexibility of the pubic
symphysis and loosens the ligaments between
the sacrum and hip bone toward the end of
pregnancy

4. Disuse
 Movement may be restricted if a joint has not
been used for an extended period
 JOINTS (TYPES OF MOVEMENTS AT
SYNOVIAL JOINTS)
 Flexion
 Decrease in the angle between articulating bones
 Bending the trunk forward
 Extension
 Increase in the angle between articulating bones
 Flexion and extension are opposite movements
 Lateral flexion
 Movement of the trunk sideways to the right or left at the waist
 Hyperextension
 Continuation of extension beyond the normal extension
 Bending the trunk backward
 Abduction
 Movement of a bone away from the midline
 Moving the humerus laterally at the shoulder joint
 Adduction
 Movement of a bone toward the midline
 Movement that returns body parts to normal position from
abduction
 JOINTS (TYPES OF MOVEMENTS
AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS)
 Circumduction
 Movement of a body part in a circle
 Moving the humerus in a circle at the shoulder joint
 Rotation
 A bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
 Turning the head from side to side as when you shake your head
“no”

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

JOINTS (TYPES OF MOVEMENTS
AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS)

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 JOINTS (TYPES OF MOVEMENTS
AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS)

 Special Movements
 Elevation
 Depression
 Protraction
 Retraction
 Inversion
 Eversion
 Dorsiflexion
 Plantar flexion
 Supination
 Pronation
 Opposition

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

BONE AND CARTILAGE
 CARTILAGE: CONNECTIVE
TISSUE

 Chondroblasts lay down the

matrix,
 Become chondrocytes when
surrounded by extra cellular
matrix
 Chondrocytes do not mitose
 Poor healing
 On aging, cartilage becomes
calcified
 Less flexible
 Not bone
Elastic: More flexible, e.g., ear
 Hyaline
 usually in the joints
Fibrocartilage
Resists compression—IV Disk,
 BONE
Bone classification
There are 206 bones in the human body.
Skeleton system classified into two groups:
A. Axial skeleton
 Forms long axis of the body.
 Includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib
cage.
 These bones are involved in protection, support, and
carrying other body parts.
B. Appendicular skeleton
*Bones of upper & lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder
bones and hip bones) that attach them to the axial skeleton.
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 TYPES (SHAPES) OF BONES
Long Flat
 Femur  Scapula
Short Irregular
 Carpal  Vertebra
Sesamoid
 Patella
35
THE SPINAL COLUMN
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Basic Bone Structure
 Bones are organs composed of hard living tissue providing
structural support to the body.
 It is a hard matrix of calcium salts deposited around protein
fibers.
 Minerals make bone rigid and proteins (collagen) provide
strength and elasticity.
 Bones are composed of:
 Bone tissue (osseous tissue).
 Fibrous connective tissue.
 Cartilage.
 Vascular tissue.
 Lymphatic tissue.
 Adipose tissue.
 Nervous tissue.
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 PERIOSTEUM

Outer layer is dense, irregular CT with nerves and

blood vessels
Inner layer
 Osteoblasts
 Anchored to bone by collagen fibers that penetrate
into bone
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Long Bone Structure
Shaft plus 2 expanded ends.
Shaft is known as the diaphysis.
 Consists of a thick collar of compact bone surrounding a
central marrow cavity
Expanded ends are epiphyses
 Thin layer of compact bone covering an interior of
spongy bone.
 Joint surface of each epiphysis is covered with a type of
hyaline cartilage known as articular cartilage.

40
41
 TYPES OF OSSEOUS TISSUE
1. Compact Bone
Dense, found in the walls, or cortex
2. Spongy or Cancellous Bone
Network of struts and thin plates (trabeculae)
3. Marrow
Red and Yellow
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Bone Matrix:
 Consists of organic and inorganic components.
 1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic by weight
 Organic component consists of several materials
that are secreted by the osteoblasts:

43
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
 Inorganic component of bone matrix
 Consists mainly of two components :
1. Calcium phosphate.
2. Calcium hydroxide.
 These 2 salts interact to form a compound called
hydroxyapatite.
 Bone also contains smaller amounts of magnesium,
 fluoride, and sodium.
 These minerals give bone its characteristic hardness
and the ability to resist compression.

 Collagen fibers for flexibility and tensile strength

44
TYPICAL (LONG) BONE STRUCTURE
Internal Organization of a Typical Bone

Osteon = Functional unit of bone

 COMPACT BONE
Osteon = Functional unit of
bone
The mineral matrix is
hydroxyapatite
Osteoblasts lay down the
matrix in layers (lamellae)
 Become osteocytes when
surrounded by EC matrix
 Lacunae
Osteoclasts break down
bone
 SPONGY BONE

No osteons
Lacy network of struts
called Trabeculae
reinforce the bone
Covered by Endosteum
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Bone tissue is a type of connective
tissue consist of cells and a big amount
of extra-cellular matrix.

Bone cells:
Osteogenic cells
 Undergo cell division; the resulting cells
develop into osteoblasts

51
Osteoblasts
• Bone-building cells.
• Synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic
components of bone matrix.
• Initiate the process of calcification.
• Found in both the periosteum and the endosteum

Osteocytes
• Mature bone cells.
• Osteoblasts that have become trapped by the secretion
of matrix.
• No longer secrete matrix.
• Responsible for maintaining the bone tissue.
The blue arrows indicate the
osteoblasts. The yellow arrows indicate
the bone matrix they’ve just secreted.53
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Osteoclasts
 Huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50
monocytes (a type of white blood cell).

 Cells that digest bone matrix – this process is called

bone resorption and is part of normal bone growth,
development, maintenance, and repair.
 Concentrated in the endosteum.

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3. MARROW
 Red Marrow
 Active
 Blood Precursors
 Yellow Marrow
 Inactive
 Mostly fat
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Bone marrow is a general term for the soft
tissue occupying the medullary cavity of a
long bone, the spaces amid the trabeculae
of spongy bone, and the larger haversian
canals.

 Red bone marrow looks like blood but with a

thicker consistency.
 It consists of a delicate mesh of reticular tissue
saturated with immature red blood cells and
scattered adipocytes.

59
SKELETAL SYSTEM

Bone Marrow

60
BONE CIRCULATION
 Skeletal muscles
• Skeletal muscles are composed of clusters of muscle
cells.
– Muscle fibers
– Myofibers
– Myocytes
• A muscle consists of packages of muscle cells called
fascicles
• A muscle cell is long and spindle shaped
 Microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber

Nuclei Fiber

(a)

Sarcolemma

Mitochondrion

Myofibril

(b) Dark Light Nucleus

A band I band Z disc H zone Z disc

Thin (actin) filament

Thick (myosin)
filament
(c)
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,
by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Structure of Skeletal muscles
 Cell structure )Myocytes(
• Long cylindrical cells, Many nuclei per cell
• Striated, Voluntary
– Muscles cells contain many nuclei
– The plasma membrane→ sarcolemma
– The cytoplasm→ sarcoplasm
– Length
– ranges from 0.1cm to more the 30cm in length
– Diameter
– ranges from 0.001cm to 0.01cm in diameter
• Myofibrils→
– elongated protein molecules
– aligned in parallel arrangements
– extend the full length of the cell.
 Muscle Fiber Anatomy
• Sarcolemma - cell membrane
– Surrounds the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of fiber)
• Contains many of the same organelles seen in other
cells
• An abundance of the oxygen-binding protein
myoglobin

– Transverse tubules (T-tubules)

• Narrow tubes that extend into the sarcoplasm at right
angles to the surface
• Filled with extracellular fluid
 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

• SR is an elaborate, smooth endoplasmic reticulum

– runs longitudinally and surrounds each myofibril
– Form chambers called terminal cisternae on either side
of the T-tubules

• A single T-tubule and the 2 terminal cisternae form a triad

• SR stores Ca++ when muscle not contracting
– When stimulated, calcium released into sarcoplasm
– SR membrane has Ca++ pumps that function to pump
Ca++ out of the sarcoplasm back into the SR after
contraction
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
 Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles - Gross All three layers
attach muscle to
Anatomy bone

Surrounds
muscle

Bundle of
muscle fibers

Surrounds each muscle

fiber, and tie adjacent
fibers together
 Sarcomere
• Smallest functional unit of muscle fiber
• Each myofibril contains 10,000 sarcomeres end to end
• Myofibril Bundles of myofilaments
• Interaction between thick and thin filaments cause
contraction.
• Banded appearance
 Thick and Thin
Filaments
• Thin
– Twisted actin molecules
– Each has an active site where
they interact with myosin
– Resting – active site covered by
tropomyosin which is held in
place by troponin
• Thick
– Myosin
– Head attaches to actin during
contraction
– Can only happen if troponin
changes position, moving
tropomyosin to expose active
site
 Histology of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

• Organization of the sarcomere

– Thick filaments = myosin filaments
 Composed of the protein myosin
 Has ATPase enzymes
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
MUSCLES