CAUSES / RISK FACTORS

1. Gender

2. Life style – Smoking

• Exposure to secondhand smoke.

3. Age

4. Presence of airflow obstruction

5. Genetic predisposition

• Family history of lung cancer

6. Occupational exposures

• Exposure to asbestos and other carcinogens

 SIGN & SYMPTOMS

LOCALIZED GENERALIZED
- lungs - Throughout body
 Localized
Cough
Breathing Problems
Change in phlegm
Lung infection, hemoptysis
Hoarseness, Hiccups
Chest Pain and tightness
Pancoasts Syndrome
Horner’s Syndrome
Pleural Effusion
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
Horner’s Syndrome: Interruption of the sympathetic nerve supply to the eye
Horner’s Syndrome: Interruption of the sympathetic nerve supply to the eye

 Atrophy of hand and arm muscles

 GENERALIZED

• Bone pain
• Neurologic
• Musculoskeletal
• Laryngeal nerve paralysis cause hoarseness
• Abdominal pain
• Jaundice
• Weight loss
• Lymphatic obstruction
• Bone pain (like pain in the back or hips)
▫ Nervous system changes (such as headache, weakness, dizziness, balance
problems, or seizures), from cancer spread to the brain or spinal cord.

• Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), from cancer spread to the liver.
 DIAGNOSIS

• Blood tests:-
▫ A complete blood count (CBC)
• normal numbers of different types of blood cells.

▫ Blood chemistry tests

• spot abnormalities in some of patient organs, such as the
liver or kidneys.
e.g. high level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
 IMAGING TESTS
• Chest x-ray
▫ Abnormal areas in the lungs.

• Computed tomography (CT) scan:-

• Cross-sectional images of patient body.
• Shows the size, shape, and position of any lung tumors and enlarged lymph
nodes

• CT-guided needle biopsy:

• If a suspected area of cancer is deep within patient body, a CT scan can
be used to guide a biopsy needle into the suspected area.
• Positron emission tomography (PET) scan:-
▫ FDG is injected into the blood.
▫ This radioactivity can be seen with a special camera. PET/CT scan.
• Needle biopsy:- can often use a hollow needle to get a small sample from a suspicious area (mass).

▫ fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy

▫ core biopsy
• Bronchoscopy:-

▫ Bronchoscopy can help the find some tumors or blockages in the lungs.
• Thoracoscopy:-

▫ spread to the spaces between the lungs and the chest wall, or to the linings
• Mediastinoscopy:-

To check spread the lymph nodes. A small incision is made in the neck and a thin tube is inserted. Fluid
samples and biopsies are then collected from the lymph nodes near the throat and lungs. The samples are
tested for cancerous cells