Chapter 7 Part A

The Skeleton

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

prepared by
Karen Dunbar Kareiva
© Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Ivy Tech Community College
 Why This Matters

• Understanding the anatomy of the skeleton

enables you to anticipate problems such as
pelvic dimensions that may affect labor and
delivery

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 The Skeleton

• The skeletal system, or skeleton, is composed

of bones, cartilages, joints, ligaments
– Mostly bone
– Cartilage occurs in isolated areas
– Ligaments connect bones and reinforce joints
• The skeleton accounts for 20% of body mass
• Two major divisions
– Axial skeleton
– Appendicular skeleton

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 Part 1: The Axial Skeleton

• Axial skeleton consists of 80 bones divided

into three major regions:
– Skull
– Vertebral column
– Thoracic cage
• Axial skeleton has three functions:
1. Form longitudinal axis of body
2. Support head, neck, and trunk
3. Protect brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs

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Figure 7.1a The human skeleton.

Cranium
Skull
Facial bones

Clavicle
Thoracic cage Scapula
(ribs, sternum
and thoracic Sternum
vertebrae) Rib
Humerus
Vertebra
Vertebral Radius
column Ulna
Sacrum
Carpals

Phalanges
Metacarpals
Femur
Patella

Tibia
Fibula

Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Anterior view
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Figure 7.1b The human skeleton.

Cranium

Bones of
Clavicle pectoral
girdle
Scapula
Upper
limb
Rib
Humerus
Vertebra
Radius
Ulna Bones of
pelvic girdle
Carpals

Phalanges
Metacarpals
Femur
Lower
limb
Tibia
Fibula

Posterior view
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 7.1 The Skull

• Skull is most complex bony structure in body

• Formed by two sets of bones:
1. Cranial bones (cranium)
• Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity
• Provide sites of attachment for head and neck
muscles

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 7.1 The Skull

2. Facial bones
• Form framework of face
• Contain cavities for special sense organs for sight,
taste, and smell
• Provide openings for air and food passage
• Secure teeth
• Anchor facial muscles used for facial expression
– Most skull bones are flat and firmly locked
together (except for mandible)
• Joints are called sutures
– Have a serrated, saw-tooth appearance

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Figure 7.2a The skull.

Bones of cranium

Coronal
suture
Squamous
suture

Lambdoid Facial
suture bones

Cranial and facial divisions of the skull

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 Overview of Skull Geography

• Facial bones form anterior aspect, with cranium

forming the rest of skull
• Cranium is divided into a vault and a base
– Cranial vault (calvaria) forms superior, lateral,
and posterior portion of skull, as well as forehead
– Cranial base forms inferior aspect of skull
• Internally base is divided into three “steps,” or fossae:
anterior, middle, posterior fossae
• Brain sits within these fossae, enclosed by cranium
vault
– Area referred to as cranial cavity

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Figure 7.2b The skull.

Anterior cranial
fossa

Middle cranial
fossa

Posterior cranial
fossa

Superior view of the cranial fossae

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Figure 7.2c The skull.

Temporal lobe Frontal lobe

of cerebrum of cerebrum
Cerebellum

Posterior
Cranial Middle
fossae Anterior
Lateral view of cranial fossae showing the
contained brain regions

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 Overview of Skull Geography (cont.)

• Cranium also contains other cavities:

– Middle and internal ear cavities
– Nasal cavity
– Orbits that house eyeballs
• Skull has 85 named openings
– Foramina, canals, fissures
– Provide passageways for spinal cord, major
blood vessels, and the 12 cranial nerves

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Figure 7.3 Major cavities of the skull, frontal section.

Frontal
Cranial cavity bone

Frontal Zygomatic
sinus Orbit Orbit bone
Ethmoidal Ethmoid
air cells bone
Maxillary Inferior nasal
sinus concha
Nasal
Maxilla
cavity Oral
cavity Vomer
Mandible
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 Cranium

• Cranium is comprised of eight cranial bones:

– Frontal bone
– Parietal bones (two—left and right)
– Occipital bone
– Temporal bones (two—left and right)
– Sphenoid bone
– Ethmoid bone

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 Cranium (cont.)

• Frontal bone: shell-shaped bone forms anterior

portion of cranium
– Vertical part, called squamous region, is also
known as the forehead
– Inferior portion ends at supraorbital margins
• Area underneath eyebrows
– Forms superior wall of the orbits and most of
anterior cranial fossa
– Supraorbital foramen (notch) allows
supraorbital artery and nerve to pass to forehead
– Glabella is area of frontal bone between orbits
• Frontal sinuses located just lateral to glabella
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Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull.

Parietal bone Frontal bone

Squamous part Glabella
of frontal bone Frontonasal suture
Nasal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch)
Sphenoid bone Supraorbital margin
(greater wing) Superior orbital fissure
Temporal bone
Optic canal
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone Inferior orbital fissure
Zygomatic bone
Middle nasal concha Ethmoid bone
Infraorbital foramen Perpendicular plate
Maxilla Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Mandible

Mental
foramen

Mandibular
Anterior view symphysis

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Figure 7.7a The base of the cranial cavity.

View Ethmoid Cribriform plate

bone Crista galli Frontal bone
Anterior cranial fossa Cribriform foramina
Sphenoid Lesser wing
Greater wing Optic canal
Foramen rotundum
Hypophyseal fossa Foramen ovale
of sella turcica Foramen spinosum
Middle cranial
Foramen lacerum
fossa
Temporal bone Internal acoustic meatus
(petrous part)

Posterior Jugular foramen

cranial fossa
Parietal bone Hypoglossal canal

Occipital bone

Foramen magnum
Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed

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Figure 7.7b The base of the cranial cavity.

View Crista galli Frontal bone

Ethmoid
Cribriform plate
bone Cribriform foramina
Anterior cranial fossa
Optic canal
Sphenoid Lesser wing
Greater wing
Foramen rotundum
Hypophyseal fossa Foramen ovale
of sella turcica Foramen spinosum
Middle cranial Foramen lacerum
fossa
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Posterior
cranial fossa Jugular foramen
Parietal bone
Occipital bone

Foramen magnum
Photo of superior view of the skull, calvaria removed

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 Cranium (cont.)

• Parietal bones and the major sutures

– Two large parietal bones form most of superior
and lateral aspects of cranial vault
– Four sutures mark articulations of parietal bones
with frontal, occipital, and temporal bones:
1. Coronal suture: between parietal bones and
frontal bone
2. Sagittal suture: between right and left parietal
bones
3. Lambdoid suture: between parietal bones and
occipital bone
4. Squamous (squamosal) sutures: between
parietal and temporal bones on each side of skull
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Figure 7.2a The skull.

Bones of cranium

Coronal
suture
Squamous
suture

Lambdoid Facial
suture bones

Cranial and facial divisions of the skull

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Figure 7.4b Anterior and posterior views of the skull.

Sagittal suture
Parietal bone
Sutural
bone
Lambdoid
suture Inferior
Occipital bone nuchal
line
Superior nuchal
line
External
occipital
protuberance
Mastoid
Occipitomastoid
Occipital process of
suture External
condyle temporal
occipital crest bone
Posterior view
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Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

Coronal suture Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone
Parietal bone
(greater wing)
Ethmoid bone
Squamous suture
Lacrimal bone
Lambdoid suture Lacrimal fossa

Occipital bone
Nasal bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic process Zygomatic bone
Occipitomastoid suture Maxilla

External acoustic meatus

Mastoid process Alveolar processes
Styloid process
Condylar process
Mandible
Mandibular notch Mental foramen
Mandibular ramus
External anatomy of the right side Mandibular angle Coronoid process
of the skull

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Figure 7.5b Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

Coronal suture Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone
Parietal bone (greater wing)
Squamous suture Ethmoid bone
Temporal bone Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic process
Lambdoid suture
Lacrimal fossa
Occipital bone
Zygomatic bone
Occipitomastoid
Coronoid process
suture
External acoustic Maxilla
meatus Alveolar
Mastoid process processes
Styloid process Mandible
Mental foramen
Condylar process
Mandibular notch
Mandibular angle Mandibular ramus
Photograph of right side of skull

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Figure 7.5c Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

Parietal bone
Squamous
suture Coronal suture
Temporal Frontal bone
bone Greater
wing Sphenoid bone
Lambdoid
suture Lesser
wing
Occipital Frontal sinus
bone
Crista galli
Nasal bone
Sphenoidal sinus
Occipitomastoid Ethmoid bone
suture (perpendicular plate)
External occipital Vomer
protuberance Incisive canal
Internal acoustic Maxilla
meatus
Pterygoid Alveolar processes
Sella turcica process of
of sphenoid sphenoid bone
bone Mandibular Mandible
foramen
Palatine bone Palatine process of maxilla
Midsagittal section showing the internal anatomy of the left half of skull

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Figure 7.5d Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

Greater wing of
sphenoid bone
Lesser wing of
sphenoid bone
Frontal sinus
Crista galli
Petrous part
of temporal
bone Ethmoid bone
(perpendicular plate)
External occipital Palatine bone
protuberance
Internal acoustic
meatus
Sella turcica and
sphenoidal sinus

Photo of skull cut through the midline, same view as in (c)

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 Cranium (cont.)

• Occipital bone
– Forms most of skull’s posterior wall and
posterior cranial fossa
– Articulates with parietal, temporal, and sphenoid
bones
– Foramen magnum: “large hole” through which
brain connects with spinal cord
• Flanked by pair of occipital condyles that articulate
with 1st vertebra
– Hypoglossal canal allows cranial nerve XII to
pass through
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 Cranium (cont.)

– External occipital protuberance: protrusion just

superior to foramen magnum
– External occipital crest: ridges that are site of
attachment for ligamentum nuchae
– Superior and inferior nuchal lines: site of
attachment for many neck and back muscles

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Figure 7.4b Anterior and posterior views of the skull.

Sagittal suture
Parietal bone
Sutural
bone
Lambdoid
suture Inferior
Occipital bone nuchal
line
Superior nuchal
line
External
occipital
protuberance
Mastoid
Occipitomastoid
Occipital process of
suture External
condyle temporal
occipital crest bone
Posterior view
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Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.

Maxilla Incisive fossa

(palatine process) Intermaxillary suture
Hard Median palatine suture
palate Palatine bone
(horizontal plate) Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone (greater wing)
(zygomatic process) Foramen ovale
Vomer Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Mandibular
fossa Carotid canal
Styloid process External acoustic meatus
Stylomastoid
Mastoid process foramen
Temporal bone Jugular foramen
(petrous part)
Basilar part of the Occipital condyle
occipital bone Inferior nuchal line
Parietal bone
Superior nuchal line
External occipital crest Occipital bone
External occipital Foramen magnum
protuberance
Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)

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Figure 7.6b Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.

Hard palate

Zygomatic
arch
Foramen ovale
Foramen lacerum
Mandibular Foramen spinosum
fossa
Carotid canal

Styloid process
Mastoid
process Jugular foramen

Occipital condyle

Foramen magnum

Superior nuchal
line
Photo of inferior view of the skull
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 Cranium (cont.)

• Temporal bones: paired bones that make up

inferolateral aspects of skull and parts of cranial
base
– Three major regions:
1. Squamous: zygomatic processes articulate with
zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch and
mandibular fossa makes up part of
temporomandibular joint
2. Tympanic: surround external acoustic meatus
(external ear canal)

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 Cranium (cont.)

3. Petrous: houses middle and internal ear cavities

– Makes up part of the middle cranial fossa
– Several foramina penetrate petrous region:
» Jugular foramen allows passage of three cranial
nerves
» Carotid canal: passageway for internal carotid
artery
» Foramen lacerum: jagged opening covered by
cartilage in living human
» Internal acoustic meatus and styloidmastoid
foramen: cranial nerve passageways
– Mastoid and styloid processes: areas for attachment
of several neck and tongue muscles

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Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

Coronal suture Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone
Parietal bone
(greater wing)
Ethmoid bone
Squamous suture
Lacrimal bone
Lambdoid suture Lacrimal fossa

Occipital bone
Nasal bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic process Zygomatic bone
Occipitomastoid suture Maxilla

External acoustic meatus

Mastoid process Alveolar processes
Styloid process
Condylar process
Mandible
Mandibular notch Mental foramen
Mandibular ramus
External anatomy of the right side Mandibular angle Coronoid process
of the skull

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Figure 7.5b Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

Coronal suture Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone
Parietal bone (greater wing)
Squamous suture Ethmoid bone
Temporal bone Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic process
Lambdoid suture
Lacrimal fossa
Occipital bone
Zygomatic bone
Occipitomastoid
Coronoid process
suture
External acoustic Maxilla
meatus Alveolar
Mastoid process processes
Styloid process Mandible
Mental foramen
Condylar process
Mandibular notch
Mandibular angle Mandibular ramus
Photograph of right side of skull

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Figure 7.8 The temporal bone.

External acoustic Squamous

meatus part

Zygomatic
process
Petrous
part Mastoid process Mandibular
fossa
Styloid process
Tympanic
part

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Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.

Maxilla Incisive fossa

(palatine process) Intermaxillary suture
Hard Median palatine suture
palate Palatine bone
(horizontal plate) Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone (greater wing)
(zygomatic process) Foramen ovale
Vomer Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Mandibular
fossa Carotid canal
Styloid process External acoustic meatus
Stylomastoid
Mastoid process foramen
Temporal bone Jugular foramen
(petrous part)
Basilar part of the Occipital condyle
occipital bone Inferior nuchal line
Parietal bone
Superior nuchal line
External occipital crest Occipital bone
External occipital Foramen magnum
protuberance
Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)

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Figure 7.7a The base of the cranial cavity.

View Ethmoid Cribriform plate

bone Crista galli Frontal bone
Anterior cranial fossa Cribriform foramina
Sphenoid Lesser wing
Greater wing Optic canal
Foramen rotundum
Hypophyseal fossa Foramen ovale
of sella turcica Foramen spinosum
Middle cranial
Foramen lacerum
fossa
Temporal bone Internal acoustic meatus
(petrous part)

Posterior Jugular foramen

cranial fossa
Parietal bone Hypoglossal canal

Occipital bone

Foramen magnum
Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed

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 Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 7.1

• Mastoid process contains cavities (sinuses)

called mastoid air cells
• Mastoiditis can develop if a middle ear infection
spreads into mastoid process area
• Mastoid air cells are separated from brain by a
very thin bony plate, increasing chances that the
infection could spread to brain

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 Cranium (cont.)

• Sphenoid bone: complex, bat-shaped bone

– Keystone bone that articulates with all other
cranial bones
– Sphenoidal sinuses found within body of
sphenoid
– Body also includes sella turcica prominence
that includes hypophyseal fossa area enclosing
the pituitary gland

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 Cranium (cont.)

• Sphenoid contains three pairs of processes:

– Greater wings
– Lesser wings
– Pterygoid processes
• Sphenoid contains several foramina:
– Optic canals: allow passage of optic nerves
– Superior orbital fissure: cranial nerve passage
– Foramen rotundum and foramen ovale: also
passageways for cranial nerves
– Foramen spinosum: opening for arteries
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Figure 7.9 The sphenoid bone.

Optic Lesser
canal wing
Superior
orbital
fissure
Greater Foramen
wing rotundum
Hypophyseal Foramen
fossa of ovale
sella turcica Foramen
Body of sphenoid spinosum
Superior view

Body of sphenoid Lesser

wing

Greater Superior
wing orbital
fissure

Pterygoid
process
Posterior view
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 Cranium (cont.)

• Ethmoid bone: deepest skull bone

– Superior part formed by paired cribriform plates
that also form roof of nasal cavity and floor of
anterior cranial fossa
– Crista galli: triangular process that is point of
attachment for brain’s dura mater covering
– Perpendicular plate: forms superior part of
nasal septum and is flanked by lateral masses
that contain sinuses called ethmoidal air cells
• Lateral masses extend medially to form superior and
middle nasal conchae
– Orbital plates contribute to medial wall of orbits
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Figure 7.10 The ethmoid bone.

Crista galli
Cribriform plate
with cribriform
foramina

Orbital
Left
plate lateral
mass

Ethmoidal
air cells
Perpendicular Middle
plate nasal concha

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Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull.

Parietal bone Frontal bone

Squamous part Glabella
of frontal bone Frontonasal suture
Nasal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch)
Sphenoid bone Supraorbital margin
(greater wing) Superior orbital fissure
Temporal bone
Optic canal
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone Inferior orbital fissure
Zygomatic bone
Middle nasal concha Ethmoid bone
Infraorbital foramen Perpendicular plate
Maxilla Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Mandible

Mental
foramen

Mandibular
Anterior view symphysis

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Figure 7.7a The base of the cranial cavity.

View Ethmoid Cribriform plate

bone Crista galli Frontal bone
Anterior cranial fossa Cribriform foramina
Sphenoid Lesser wing
Greater wing Optic canal
Foramen rotundum
Hypophyseal fossa Foramen ovale
of sella turcica Foramen spinosum
Middle cranial
Foramen lacerum
fossa
Temporal bone Internal acoustic meatus
(petrous part)

Posterior Jugular foramen

cranial fossa
Parietal bone Hypoglossal canal

Occipital bone

Foramen magnum
Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed

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 Cranium (cont.)

• Sutural bones
– Tiny, irregularly shaped bones that appear within
sutures
– Significance is unknown, as not everyone has
these

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Figure 7.4b Anterior and posterior views of the skull.

Sagittal suture
Parietal bone
Sutural
bone
Lambdoid
suture Inferior
Occipital bone nuchal
line
Superior nuchal
line
External
occipital
protuberance
Mastoid
Occipitomastoid
Occipital process of
suture External
condyle temporal
occipital crest bone
Posterior view
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 Facial Bones

Facial skeleton is made up of 14 bones, 12 of

which are paired (mandible and vomer are single)

• Mandible • Lacrimal bones (2)

• Maxillary bones (2) • Palatine bones (2)
• Zygomatic bones (2) • Vomer
• Nasal bones (2) • Inferior nasal
conchae (2)

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 Facial Bones (cont.)

• Mandible: largest, strongest bone of face

– U-shaped lower jawbone made up of body (chin)
and two upright rami
• Mandibular angle: point where rami and chin meet
• Coronoid process: superior end of rami serves as
insertion point for large temporalis muscle
• Condylar process: posterior to coronoid forms part of
temporomandibular joint
– Mandibular notch: separates processes
• Body consists of alveolar process that contains
sockets for teeth and mandibular symphysis ridge
• Foramina include mandibular (for nerves) and
mental foramina (for nerves and blood vessels)
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Figure 7.11a Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla.

Temporomandibular Mandibular fossa

joint of temporal bone Coronoid
process
Mandibular notch

Condylar Mandibular foramen

process

Alveolar
Ramus process
of Mental
mandible foramen

Mandibular
angle Body of mandible
Mandible, right lateral view

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Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull.

Parietal bone Frontal bone

Squamous part Glabella
of frontal bone Frontonasal suture
Nasal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch)
Sphenoid bone Supraorbital margin
(greater wing) Superior orbital fissure
Temporal bone
Optic canal
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone Inferior orbital fissure
Zygomatic bone
Middle nasal concha Ethmoid bone
Infraorbital foramen Perpendicular plate
Maxilla Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Mandible

Mental
foramen

Mandibular
Anterior view symphysis

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 Facial Bones (cont.)

• Maxillary bones (maxillae): medially fused to

form upper jaw and central facial skeleton
– Upper teeth held in alveolar processes
– Anterior nasal spine forms just below nose
– Palatine process forms two-thirds of hard palate
– Frontal process: forms lateral bridge of nose
– Zygomatic processes articulate with zygomatic
bones
– Maxillary sinuses: flank nasal cavity laterally

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 Facial Bones (cont.)

– Openings for nerves and blood vessels include:

• Inferior orbital fissure
• Infraorbital foramen
• Incisive fossa and canal

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Figure 7.11b Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla.

Articulates
with frontal
bone
Frontal
process
Orbital surface

Infraorbital
Zygomatic foramen
process Anterior
(cut) nasal
spine
Alveolar
process

Maxilla, right lateral view

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Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull.

Parietal bone Frontal bone

Squamous part Glabella
of frontal bone Frontonasal suture
Nasal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch)
Sphenoid bone Supraorbital margin
(greater wing) Superior orbital fissure
Temporal bone
Optic canal
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone Inferior orbital fissure
Zygomatic bone
Middle nasal concha Ethmoid bone
Infraorbital foramen Perpendicular plate
Maxilla Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Mandible

Mental
foramen

Mandibular
Anterior view symphysis

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Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.

Maxilla Incisive fossa

(palatine process) Intermaxillary suture
Hard Median palatine suture
palate Palatine bone
(horizontal plate) Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone (greater wing)
(zygomatic process) Foramen ovale
Vomer Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Mandibular
fossa Carotid canal
Styloid process External acoustic meatus
Stylomastoid
Mastoid process foramen
Temporal bone Jugular foramen
(petrous part)
Basilar part of the Occipital condyle
occipital bone Inferior nuchal line
Parietal bone
Superior nuchal line
External occipital crest Occipital bone
External occipital Foramen magnum
protuberance
Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)

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 Facial Bones (cont.)

• Zygomatic bones
– Form cheekbones and inferolateral margins of
orbits
– Articulate with zygomatic processes of temporal,
frontal, and maxillary bones

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Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull.

Parietal bone Frontal bone

Squamous part Glabella
of frontal bone Frontonasal suture
Nasal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch)
Sphenoid bone Supraorbital margin
(greater wing) Superior orbital fissure
Temporal bone
Optic canal
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone Inferior orbital fissure
Zygomatic bone
Middle nasal concha Ethmoid bone
Infraorbital foramen Perpendicular plate
Maxilla Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Mandible

Mental
foramen

Mandibular
Anterior view symphysis

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 Facial Bones (cont.)

• Nasal bones
– Form bridge of nose
– Articulate with frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid
bones
– Attach to cartilage that forms tip of nose
• Lacrimal bones
– Form medial walls of orbits
– Articulate with frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid
bones
– Lacrimal fossa that houses lacrimal sac allows
passageway for tears to drain
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Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull.

Parietal bone Frontal bone

Squamous part Glabella
of frontal bone Frontonasal suture
Nasal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch)
Sphenoid bone Supraorbital margin
(greater wing) Superior orbital fissure
Temporal bone
Optic canal
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone Inferior orbital fissure
Zygomatic bone
Middle nasal concha Ethmoid bone
Infraorbital foramen Perpendicular plate
Maxilla Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Mandible

Mental
foramen

Mandibular
Anterior view symphysis

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Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

Coronal suture Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone
Parietal bone
(greater wing)
Ethmoid bone
Squamous suture
Lacrimal bone
Lambdoid suture Lacrimal fossa

Occipital bone
Nasal bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic process Zygomatic bone
Occipitomastoid suture Maxilla

External acoustic meatus

Mastoid process Alveolar processes
Styloid process
Condylar process
Mandible
Mandibular notch Mental foramen
Mandibular ramus
External anatomy of the right side Mandibular angle Coronoid process
of the skull

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 Facial Bones (cont.)

• Palatine bones
– L-shaped bones made from two bony plates
• Horizontal plate: completes posterior one-third of
hard palate
• Perpendicular plate: forms part of posterolateral
walls of the nasal cavity and a small part of the orbits
• Vomer
– Plow-shaped bone; forms part of nasal septum

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Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.

Maxilla Incisive fossa

(palatine process) Intermaxillary suture
Hard Median palatine suture
palate Palatine bone
(horizontal plate) Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone (greater wing)
(zygomatic process) Foramen ovale
Vomer Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Mandibular
fossa Carotid canal
Styloid process External acoustic meatus
Stylomastoid
Mastoid process foramen
Temporal bone Jugular foramen
(petrous part)
Basilar part of the Occipital condyle
occipital bone Inferior nuchal line
Parietal bone
Superior nuchal line
External occipital crest Occipital bone
External occipital Foramen magnum
protuberance
Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)

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Figure 7.14a Bones of the nasal cavity.

Frontal sinus
Superior, middle, and Superior
inferior meatus nasal concha
Ethmoid
Middle bone
nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Nasal bone

Anterior nasal spine

Maxillary bone
Sphenoidal (palatine process)
sinus
Sphenoid
bone Pterygoid
process
Palatine bone Palatine bone
(perpendicular plate) (horizontal plate)
Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed)

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Figure 7.14b Bones of the nasal cavity.

Crista galli
Ethmoid Cribriform Frontal sinus
bone plate

Sella turcica
Nasal bone

Sphenoidal Perpendicular plate

sinus of ethmoid bone
Septal cartilage

Vomer
Palatine bone
Hard Alveolar process
Palatine process of maxilla
palate of maxilla
Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone,
the vomer, and septal cartilage

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 Facial Bones (cont.)

• Inferior nasal conchae

– Paired bones that form part of lateral walls of
nasal cavity
– Largest of three pairs of conchae
• Ethmoid bone forms other two pairs

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Figure 7.14a Bones of the nasal cavity.

Frontal sinus
Superior, middle, and Superior
inferior meatus nasal concha
Ethmoid
Middle bone
nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Nasal bone

Anterior nasal spine

Maxillary bone
Sphenoidal (palatine process)
sinus
Sphenoid
bone Pterygoid
process
Palatine bone Palatine bone
(perpendicular plate) (horizontal plate)
Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed)

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 The Hyoid Bone

• Not a bone of skull

• Lies in anterior neck inferior to mandible
• Only bone in body that does not articulate
directly with another bone
– Anchored by ligaments
• Acts as a movable base for tongue and site of
attachment for muscles of swallowing and
speech

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Figure 7.12 The hyoid bone.

Greater horn

Lesser horn

Body

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 Special Characteristics of the Orbits and
Nasal Cavity
• Orbits
– Cavities that encase eyes and lacrimal glands
– Sites of attachment for eye muscles
– Formed by parts of seven bones
• Frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine,
lacrimal, and ethmoid

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Figure 7.13a Bones that form the orbits.

Photograph, right orbit

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Figure 7.13b Bones that form the orbits.

Supraorbital Superior
Roof of orbit notch orbital fissure
Optic canal
• Lesser wing of
sphenoid bone
• Orbital plate of Medial wall
frontal bone • Sphenoid body
• Orbital plate
Lateral wall of orbit of ethmoid bone
• Zygomatic process • Frontal process
of frontal bone of maxilla
• Lacrimal bone
• Greater wing of
sphenoid bone
• Orbital surface of Nasal bone
zygomatic bone Floor of orbit
Inferior orbital fissure • Orbital process of
Infraorbital groove palatine bone
Zygomatic bone • Orbital surface of
maxillary bone
Infraorbital • Zygomatic bone
foramen
Contribution of each of the seven bones forming the right orbit
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 Special Characteristics of the Orbits and
Nasal Cavity (cont.)
• Nasal cavity: formed by parts of several bones
– Roof: cribriform plates of ethmoid
– Lateral walls: superior and middle conchae of
ethmoid, perpendicular plates of palatine and
Inferior nasal conchae
• Spaces between conchae called meatuses
• Conchae increase turbulence of air flow
– Floor: processes of palatine and maxillary bones
– Nasal septum
• Bony posterior formed by vomer and perpendicular
plate of ethmoid
• Anterior formed by septal cartilage
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Figure 7.14a Bones of the nasal cavity.

Frontal sinus
Superior, middle, and Superior
inferior meatus nasal concha
Ethmoid
Middle bone
nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Nasal bone

Anterior nasal spine

Maxillary bone
Sphenoidal (palatine process)
sinus
Sphenoid
bone Pterygoid
process
Palatine bone Palatine bone
(perpendicular plate) (horizontal plate)
Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed)

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Figure 7.14b Bones of the nasal cavity.

Crista galli
Ethmoid Cribriform Frontal sinus
bone plate

Sella turcica
Nasal bone

Sphenoidal Perpendicular plate

sinus of ethmoid bone
Septal cartilage

Vomer
Palatine bone
Hard Alveolar process
Palatine process of maxilla
palate of maxilla
Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone,
the vomer, and septal cartilage

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 Special Characteristics of the Orbits and
Nasal Cavity (cont.)
• Paranasal sinuses: formed from five skull
bones: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and paired
maxillary bones
– All contain mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces
– Functions:
• Warm and humidify air
• Help to lighten skull
• Enhance resonance of voice

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Figure 7.15a Paranasal sinuses.

Frontal
sinus
Ethmoidal
air cells
(sinus)
Sphenoidal
sinus
Maxillary
sinus

Anterior aspect
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Figure 7.15b Paranasal sinuses.

Frontal
sinus
Ethmoidal
air cells

Sphenoidal
sinus
Maxillary
sinus

Medial aspect
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