Unit VIIIb

Appendicular Skeleton
Chapter 08 – Sections 8.4 & 8.5

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1

Table 8.1
Fig. 8.1
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Appendicular Skeleton
Frontal bone Parietal bone is in green
Occipital bone
Skull Maxilla

Mandible Mandible

Clavicle Clavicle
Pectoral
girdle Scapula Scapula

Sternum
Thoracic Ribs Humerus
cage
Costal cartilages

Vertebral column

Hip bone
Pelvis
Sacrum
Ulna

Coccyx Radius

Carpus

Metacarpal
bones

Phalanges

Femur

Patella

Fibula

Tibia

Metatarsal bones
Tarsus
Phalanges

(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

Table 8.2
Fig. 8.2

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Lines
Crest
Bone Surface Markings
Sinuses
Fovea
Head
Foramen
Meatus Crest Head
Process Trochanters Tubercle
Condyle Alveolus
Spine Foramen

Tuberosity
(a) Skull (lateral view)
Line

Process
Spine Fossae

Epicondyles Fossae

Condyles

(c) Femur (d) Humerus

(b) Scapula (posterior view) (posterior view) (anterior view)
Fig. 8.30

Clavicle
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Sternal
Acromial
end
end

(a) Superior view

Conoid tubercle

Sternal
Acromial
end
end

(b) Inferior view

Fig. 8.31

Scapula
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Superior Superior angle

Suprascapular border Acromion
notch

Acromion
Supraspinous
Coracoid fossa
process Lateral
angle
Glenoid Spine
cavity

Subscapular Infraspinous
fossa fossa

Lateral Medial
border border

Inferior angle

(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

Fig. 8.32

Greater
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Head
Greater
Humerus
tubercle tubercle
Lesser
Anatomical
tubercle
neck
Surgical
neck
Intertubercular Nutrient
sulcus foramen

Deltoid
tuberosity Deltoid
tuberosity

Coronoid
fossa

Radial Medial Lateral

fossa supracondylar supracondylar
ridge ridge
Lateral
epicondyle Medial Lateral
Capitulum epicondyle epicondyle
Olecranon
Trochlea fossa
(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view
Fig. 8.33
Forearm
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Olecranon Olecranon
Trochlear notch
Radial notch
of ulna Head of
Head of radius
Coronoid process
radius
Neck of
Neck of radius
radius Ulnar tuberosity
Radial
tuberosity

Ulna

Radius

Interosseous
borders

Interosseous
membrane

Ulnar notch
of radius
Head of ulna
Styloid process
Styloid Styloid
Articular facets
process process
(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view
Fig. 8.34
Wrist &Hand
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Distal phalanx II

Key to carpal bones

Middle phalanx II Distal row

Proximal row
Proximal phalanx II

III II Distal
Head IV phalanx I

Phalanges V
Body
Proximal
Base phalanx I
I
Head

Metacarpal Body First

bones metacarpal
Base

Hamulus of hamate
Trapezoid
Hamate Trapezium
Carpal Pisiform Carpal
Capitate
bones Triquetrum bones
Scaphoid
Lunate

(a) Anterior view

Lateral

Hamulus

Articulation with triquetrum

Articulation with capitate

(b) Hamate bone

Sesamoid
bone

(c) X-ray of adult hand

C: © NHS Trust/Tony Stone Images/Getty Images

Fig. 8.35

Iliac crest
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Pelvis
Iliac fossa
Base of sacrum
Ilium
Sacroiliac joint
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Pelvic surface
of sacrum
Anterior inferior
iliac spine Pelvic inlet
Spine
Coccyx

Ischium Acetabulum
Body
Interpubic disc
Ramus
Superior ramus Obturator
Pubis foramen
Inferior ramus
Body
Pubic symphysis
(a) Anterosuperior view

Pelvic brim

Pelvic inlet

Key
Greater pelvis

Lesser pelvis
Pelvic outlet

(b) Median section

Fig. 8.36

Hip Bone
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Ilium Ischium Pubis Iliac crest

Anterior gluteal
line
Inferior gluteal
line
Anterior superior
Posterior gluteal
iliac spine
line

Posterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior inferior Anterior inferior
iliac spine iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Body of ilium

Acetabulum
Superior ramus
Ischial spine of pubis
Body of pubis
Lesser sciatic notch
Inferior ramus
Body of ischium of pubis

Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen

Ramus of ischium

(a) Lateral view

Iliac crest

Iliac fossa

Anterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior superior
Arcuate line iliac spine
Anterior inferior Auricular surface
iliac spine Posterior inferior
iliac spine

Greater sciatic notch

Ischial spine
Pectineal line

Location of
pubic symphysis
Obturator foramen

Ramus of ischium

(b) Medial view

Table 8.5
Fig. 8.37

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Male Female

Narrow greater Wide greater

sciatic notch sciatic notch

Tall pubic
symphysis Short pubic
symphysis

Deep Shallow
greater pelvis greater pelvis

Narrow sacrum Wide sacrum

Triangular Rectangular
body of pubis body of pubis

Narrow subpubic angle Wide subpubic angle

(top, both): © David Hunt/specimens from the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; (bottom, both): © VideoSurgery/Science Source
Fig. 8.38

Femur
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fovea capitis
Greater trochanter Greater trochanter
Head

Neck
Intertrochanteric crest
Intertrochanteric line
Lesser trochanter

Spiral line Gluteal tuberosity

Linea aspera

Shaft

Medial supracondylar line Lateral supracondylar

line
Popliteal surface
Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle
Patellar surface Lateral condyle
Medial condyle Intercondylar fossa

Base of patella
Articular facets

Apex of patella

(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view Patella

Fig. 8.39 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Intercondylar eminence Medial Lateral condyle

condyle Apex
Tibial Head of fibula
Proximal tibiofibular
joint tuberosity

Lateral surface Interosseous

membrane

Anterior border
Lower Leg
Tibia

Fibula

Distal tibiofibular joint

Medial
Lateral malleolus malleolus Lateral malleolus

(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 8.40
Distal phalanx I

Phalanges
Distal
Proximal phalanx I
phalanx V
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Middle
phalanx V Head
Metatarsal
Proximal Body
I II III phalanx V IV III II Metatarsal
I
IV V bones
V Base
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
Navicular Cuboid

Talus
Calcaneus Tarsal bones

Trochlear surface Key to tarsal bones

of talus
Distal group

Tuberosity of calcaneus Proximal group

(a) Superior (dorsal) view (b) Inferior (plantar) view

Trochlear

Ankle & Foot

Navicular Talus surface

Metatarsals

Phalanges

Sesamoid bone Cuneiforms Calcaneus

(c) Medial view
Fig. 8.42

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Foot Arches

Fibula Tibia Talus

Calcaneus
Proximal
Navicular Metatarsal I phalanx I
Cuboid
Cuneiform

Medial
longitudinal arch

Transverse
arch

Lateral
longitudinal
arch

(a) Inferior (plantar) view (b) X-ray of right foot, lateral view
b: © Medical Body Scans/Science Source