Unit IV – Endocrine

Chapter 17

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Co 17
Fig. 17.1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Pineal gland

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland
Thymus

Adrenal gland
Pancreas

Parathyroid
glands

Posterior Trachea
view

Gonads:
Ovary (female)

Testis (male)
Table 17.1
Fig. 17.2

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Neurotransmitter

Nerve impulse

Neuron

Target cells

(a) Nervous system

Endocrine Target cells

cells

Hormone in
bloodstream

(b) Endocrine system

Table 17.2
Fig. 17.3

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Telencephalon of brain

Future hypothalamus

Neurohypophyseal bud

Hypophyseal pouch

Pharynx

Tongue

Future thyroid
gland
Mouth
(a) 4 weeks

Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Optic chiasm
Neurohypophyseal Pituitary stalk
bud
Posterior lobe
Hypophyseal pouch Anterior lobe
Sphenoid bone
Pharynx
Pharynx

(b) 8 weeks (c) 16 weeks

Fig. 17.4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Anterior Posterior

Third ventricle
of brain
Floor of
hypothalamus

Nuclei of hypothalamus:
Paraventricular nucleus
Supraoptic nucleus

Optic chiasm

Axons to Neuron
primary cell body
capillaries
Anterior pituitary
Stalk
Posterior pituitary

Oxytocin

(a) Antidiuretic hormone

Primary capillaries
Superior hypophyseal
artery

Hypothalamic hormones
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Corticotropin-releasing hormone Portal venules
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
Growth hormone–releasing hormone
Somatostatin
Secondary
capillaries
Anterior lobe hormones
Follicle-stimulating hormone Anterior pituitary
Luteinizing hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone Posterior pituitary
Prolactin
Growth hormone

(b)
Fig. 17.5
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Blood vessel

Basophil

Acidophil

Chromophobe

(a) Anterior pituitary

Hormone stored in
nerve endings

Glial cells
(pituicytes)

Nerve fibers

(b) Posterior pituitary

(a–b): © Biophoto Associates/Science Source
Table 17.3
Table 17.4
Fig. 17.6
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Hypothalamus

TRH
GnRH
CRH
GHRH

Liver
GH
PRL

IGF
Mammary Fat,
gland muscle,
bone

TSH ACTH

Thyroid Adrenal cortex

LH
FSH

Testis Ovary
Fig. 17.7

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1
– Negative feedback
TRH 6
inhibition

+
– 4
5
Target organs
2 +

TSH

Thyroid hormone

3
+

Stimulatory effect
+
Inhibitory effect
–
Fig. 17.8

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Thyroid

Trachea

Thymus
Lung

Heart

Diaphragm

Liver
(a) Newborn

(b) Adult
 Fig. 17.9

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Superior thyroid Thyroid

artery and vein cartilage Follicle

Thyroid Follicular
gland cells

Parafollicular
Inferior thyroid
Isthmus (C) cells
artery

Stored
Inferior thyroid vein Trachea thyroglobulin

(a) (b)
b: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source
 Fig. 17.10

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Pharynx
(posterior view)

Thyroid gland

Thyroid gland
Adipose tissue
Parathyroid
glands

Esophagus Parathyroid capsule

Trachea Parathyroid gland

(a)

(b)
b: © Michael Ross/Science Source
Fig. 17.11

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Adrenal gland
Suprarenal vein
Kidney

Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla

Connective
tissue capsule
Zona
glomerulosa

Zona
(a) Adrenal cortex
fasciculata

Zona
reticularis

Adrenal
(b) medulla

b: © Victor Eroschenko
Fig. 17.12

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Pancreatic Tail of pancreas

islets
Bile duct

(c)
Pancreatic islet
Exocrine acinus

Pancreatic Duodenum Head of

ducts pancreas Beta cell
(a) Alpha cell
Delta cell
(b) Pancreatic islet
c: © Ed Reschke
Fig. 17.13

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Blood vessels
Granulosa cells
(source of
estrogen)
Seminiferous
tubule

Germ cells

Egg cell (oocyte)

Connective tissue
wall of tubule

Nurse
cells

Theca

Interstitial
endocrine cells
(source of
testosterone)

100 µm 50 µm
Testis
Ovary

(a)

(b)
a: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images; b: © Ed Reschke
Table 17.5a
Table 17.5b
Table 17.6
Fig. 17.17
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CH2

MIT
I
OH
Blood capillary
Thyroid follicle OH
I I
I—
Transport DIT
proteins Iodide

CH2
5 Follicle cell

T3 T4 (b)

1 2

Lysosome 4
—
I H H
Iodine Thyroglobulin
3 H 2N C COOH H 2N C COOH

CH2 CH2

Stored
thyroglobulin
I I I I
O O

I I I
OH OH
T3 T4

(a) (c)
Fig. 17.18

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Hormone
receptor
Membrane
enzyme
(a) Peptide
hormone

ATP PPi + cAMP

Enzyme
activation

(b) Steroid
hormone
Various
metabolic
effects

Nucleus
Protein
Hormone
synthesis
receptor

DNA
Gene mRNA
transcription
Fig. 17.19

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Hormone

G protein
1
1 Hormone–receptor binding
activates a G protein.

Adenylate
cyclase
Receptor
2 G protein activates adenylate cyclase.
2

G G
3 Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP.
ATP cAMP + PPi
GTP
GDP
3
+
Pi
4 4 cAMP activates protein kinases.

Inactive protein Activated protein

kinase kinase

ACTH 5 Protein kinases phosphorylate enzymes.

FSH
5 This activates some enzymes and
LH deactivates others.
PTH
Inactive Activated
TSH
enzymes enzymes
Glucagon
6 Activated enzymes catalyze metabolic
Calcitonin
reactions with a wide range of possible
Catecholamines effects on the cell.
6

Enzyme Enzyme
substrates products

Various
metabolic
effects
Fig. 17.20
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Hormone

Phospho-
Receptor lipase

DAG
G G

Endoplasmic Protein Activated

reticulum kinase (PK) PK
IP3

Calcium
reservoir
Enzyme
Ca2+
activation

Various metabolic effects

Hormones
Smooth muscle contraction
ADH
Protein synthesis
TRH
Secretion
OT
Mitosis
LHRH
etc.
Catecholamines
Fig. 17.21
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Small stimulus

Reaction cascade (time)

Hormone

cAMP and
protein kinase

Activated enzymes

Metabolic product

Great effect
Fig. 17.22
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Hormone
Receptor

Response

Low receptor density Increased receptor density Stronger response

Weak response Increased sensitivity

(a) Up-regulation

Response

High receptor density Reduced receptor density Diminished response

Strong response Reduced sensitivity

(b) Down-regulation
Fig. 17.23
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Liver cell
Blood

Absorption Glucose
Glycogenesis (a) Actions
of blood of insulin
sugar

Glycogen

Glycogenolysis
(b) Actions of
glucagon

Glucose Gluconeogenesis
Elevated
blood
sugar Fat

Protein
Table 17.7
Fig. 17.25
Acromegaly: Hypersecretion of human growth hormone
Fig. 17.26
Endemic Goiter: Iodine deficiency causes decreased production of thryoid
hormone resulting in hypersecretion of TSH leading to thyroid hypertrophy
Fig. 17.27
Cushing Syndrome: Hypersecretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex
Table 17.8
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Page 665
LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE SYSTEM
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Thymic hormones activate immune
Sex hormones affect skin cells; glucocorticoids suppress
pigmentation, development immunity and inflammation.
of body hair and apocrine
glands, and subcutaneous fat
deposition.

SKELETAL SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Skeletal growth and Epinephrine and
maintenance are regulated norepinephrine dilate the
by numerous hormones— bronchioles and increase
calcitonin, calcitriol, pulmonary airflow.
parathyroid hormone,
growth hormone, estrogen,
testosterone, and others.

URINARY SYSTEM
Antidiuretic hormone regulates
urine volume; calcitriol,
MUSCULAR SYSTEM parathyroid hormone,
Growth hormone and
aldosterone, and natriuretic
testosterone stimulate
peptides regulate electrolyte
muscular growth; insulin absorption by the kidneys.
regulates glucose
uptake by muscle, other
hormones regulate the
electrolyte balances
that are important in
muscular contraction.

NERVOUS SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Hormones exert Insulin and glucagon regulate
negative feedback inhibition nutrient storage and metabolism;
on the hypothalamus; several enteric hormones control
hormones affect nervous gastrointestinal secretion and
system development, mood, motility; gut–brain peptides affect
and behavior; hormones appetite and regulate food intake
regulate the electrolyte and body weight.
balances that are important
in neuron function.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Angiotensin II, aldosterone, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
antidiuretic hormone, natriuretic Gonadotropins and sex
peptides, and other hormones steroids regulate sexual
regulate blood volume and development, spermatogenesis
pressure; erythropoietin stimulates and oogenesis, the ovarian
RBC production; thymic hormones and uterine cycles, sex drive,
stimulate WBC production; pregnancy, fetal development,
thrombopoietin stimulates platelet and lactation.
production; epinephrine, thyroid
hormone, and other hormones affect
the rate and force of the heartbeat.
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