Unit VII – Bone

Tissue
Chapter 07

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1

Co 7
 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 7.1
Articular
cartilage

Epiphysis

Red bone
marrow
Epiphyseal
line

Marrow cavity

Yellow bone marrow

Periosteum

Nutrient foramen
Diaphysis

Site of endosteum

Compact bone

Spongy bone

Epiphyseal
line
Epiphysis

Articular
cartilage
(a) Living (b) Dried
 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 7.2

Suture

Outer compact
bone

Spongy bone
(diploe)

Trabeculae

Inner compact
bone
Fig. 7.3

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Osteogenic cell Osteoblast Osteocyte

Rough Secretory
endoplasmic vesicles
reticulum

Nucleus Mitochondrion

(a) Osteocyte development

Osteocyte

Osteoclast Osseous
tissue
Stem cells Periosteum Resorption
bay
Nuclei

Osteoclast
Fusion

Ruffled
Lysosomes border

(b) Osteoclast development

Fig. 7.4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Bone marrow Trabecula

Compact bone

Spongy bone

(a)

(c)

Nerve
Blood vessel

Spicules

Trabeculae

Spongy bone
Endosteum
Periosteum

Perforating fibers
Perforating canal

Central
canal Osteon
Lacuna

Collagen
fibers
Lacunae
Concentric
lamellae
Circumferential Canaliculi
lamellae
Central
(b) canal
Lamella

(d)
20 µm

a: © B Christopher/Alamy; c: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source; d: © Custom Medical Stock Photo/Newscom

Fig. 7.5

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Greater trochanter

Head

Trabeculae of
spongy bone
Compact bone

Lines of stress

Shaft (diaphysis)

© Biophoto Associates/Science Source

Fig. 7.6

Red: Axial Skeleton

Beige: Appendicular Skeleton

Fig. 7.7

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Osteoid tissue

Blood vessel Bone trabecula

Osteoid tissue Marrow spaces

Osteoblasts Osteocyte
Mesenchyme
Osteoblast
Mesenchymal cell

1 Deposition of osteoid tissue into embryonic 2 Calcification of osteoid tissue and

mesenchyme entrapment of osteocytes

Mesenchyme Periosteum
Periosteum
Compact bone

Spongy bone
Spongy bone

Compact bone

Periosteum Periosteum
Bone trabeculae

3 Honeycomb of spongy bone with developing 4 Filling of space to form compact bone at
periosteum surfaces, leaving spongy bone in middle
Fig. 7.8

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Periosteum:
Fibrous layer
Osteogenic
layer

Osteoid tissue

Osseous tissue
(bone)

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes
© Ken Saladin
Fig. 7.9

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Articular
Spongy bone
cartilage

Epiphyseal
line

Perichondrium
Hyaline Secondary
Epiphyseal Periosteum
cartilage marrow cavity
plate
1 Early cartilage model Nutrient
Epiphysis
Secondary foramen Marrow cavity
ossification Metaphysis
center Compact bone
Enlarging Blood
chondrocytes vessel
Diaphysis
Bony collar
Primary
Primary marrow
ossification cavity
center Metaphysis
Periosteum Secondary Cartilage
ossification
center
2 Formation of 3 Vascular invasion, 4 Bone at birth, with 5 Bone of child, with 6 Adult bone with a
primary formation of primary enlarged primary epiphyseal plate at single marrow
ossification center, marrow cavity, and marrow cavity and distal end cavity and closed
bony collar, and appearance of appearance of epiphyseal plate
periosteum secondary secondary marrow
ossification center cavity in one epiphysis
Fig. 7.10
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cranial
bones

Mandible

Humerus Vertebrae
Radius
Ulna
Scapula
Ribs

Femur

Pelvis
© Biophoto Associates/Science Source
Fig. 7.11
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Diaphysis

Epiphysis

Epiphyseal
plate
Metacarpal
bone

Epiphyseal
plate

Epiphyseal
plates
© Jim Wehtje/Getty Images RF
 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 7.12

Zone 1
Zone 5

1 Zone of reserve cartilage

Typical histology of resting
hyaline cartilage

2 Zone of cell proliferation

Multiplying Chondrocytes multiplying and
chondrocytes lining up in rows of small
flattened lacunae
Enlarging
chondrocytes 3 Zone of cell hypertrophy
Cessation of mitosis;
enlargement of chondrocytes
and thinning of lacuna walls
Breakdown
of lacunae
4 Zone of calcification
Temporary calcification of
cartilage matrix between
Calcifying columns of lacunae
cartilage

5 Zone of bone deposition

Bone Breakdown of lacuna walls,
marrow leaving open channels; death
of chondrocytes; bone
deposition by osteoblasts,
Osteoblasts forming trabeculae of spongy
bone
Osteocytes

Trabeculae of
spongy bone
© Victor Eroschenko
Fig. 7.13
Fig. 7.15

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Calcium Intake and Excretion Blood Bone

Dietary requirement
1,000 mg/day
Deposition by
Absorption by osteoblasts
Digestive tract digestive tract
Calcitonin
Calcitriol Ca2+ (weak effect) Hydroxyapatite
(9.2–10.4 mg/dL)
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
Kidneys Calcium carbonate
Filtration Resorption by CaCO3
by kidneys osteoclasts
Calcitriol
Reabsorption PTH
by kidneys
Calcitriol
(weak effect)
PTH

Fecal loss Urinary loss

350 mg/day 650 mg/day
Fig. 7.16

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Blood Ca2+ Blood Ca2+

Blood Ca2+ Blood Ca2+
returns to returns to
excess deficiency
normal normal

Parathyroid
hormone
Calcitonin secretion
secretion
Increased
More bone
osteoclast
resorption
Reduced activity
Less bone
osteoclast resorption
activity
Reduced
Less bone
osteoblast
deposition
activity
Increased
More bone
osteoblast
deposition
activity More urinary Prevention of
phosphate hydroxyapatite
(a) Correction for hypercalcemia
excretion formation

Less urinary
Conservation
calcium
of calcium
excretion
(b) Correction for hypocalcemia
Table 7.1
Fig. 7.17 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a) Nondisplaced (b) Displaced

(c) Comminuted (d) Greenstick

a: © Custom Medical Stock Photo/Newscom; b: © Howard Kingsnorth/Getty Images; c: © Lester V. Bergman/Corbis; d: © Custom Medical Stock Photo/Newscom
Fig. 7.18

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Marrow
cavity
Fibrocartilage
Hard
callus
Hematoma Soft callus Spongy
bone

New blood
vessels
Compact bone

1 Hematoma formation
The hematoma is converted
to granulation tissue by invasion
of cells and blood capillaries.
2 Soft callus formation
Deposition of collagen and
fibrocartilage converts granulation
tissue to a soft callus.
3 Hard callus formation
Osteoblasts deposit a temporary
bony collar around the fracture to
unite the broken pieces while
ossification occurs.
4 Bone remodeling
Small bone fragments are
removed by osteoclasts, while
osteoblasts deposit spongy
bone and then convert it to
compact bone.
Fig. 7.19
Table 7.2
Fig. 7.20

Osteoporosis

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a) (b) (c)

a: © Michael Klein/Peter Arnold, Inc./Getty Images; b: © Dr. P. Marazzi/Science Source; c: © Phanie/Alamy
 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Page 224

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM LYMPHATIC/

Bones lying close to the body IMMUNE SYSTEM
surface support and shape White blood cells produced
the skin. in the bone marrow carry out
the body’s immune functions.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Bones are the attachment Ventilation of the lungs is
sites for most skeletal achieved by musculoskeletal
muscles and provide actions of the thoracic cage;
leverage for muscle action; the thoracic cage protects
calcium homeostasis, the delicate lungs from
important for muscle trauma; bones support and
contraction, is achieved shape the nasal cavity.
partly through a balance
between bone deposition
and resorption.

NERVOUS SYSTEM URINARY SYSTEM

The cranium and vertebral The thoracic cage partially
column protect the brain protects the kidneys, and
and spinal cord; osseous the pelvic girdle protects the
tissue provides the calcium lower urinary tract.
homeostasis needed for
nerve function.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Osseous tissue interacts
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Bones protect endocrine glands with the digestive system
in maintaining calcium
in the head, thorax, and pelvis;
bones secrete the hormone homeostasis; the thoracic
cage and pelvic girdle protect
osteocalcin, which promotes
portions of the digestive tract;
insulin action; hormone secretion
depends on calcium homeostasis. musculoskeletal movements are
necessary for chewing.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Bone marrow forms blood The pelvic girdle protects the
cells and platelets; osseous internal reproductive organs;
tissue provides the calcium childbirth is adapted to the
homeostasis needed for cardiac anatomy of the female pelvic girdle;
function and blood clotting. ligaments anchor the penis, clitoris,
uterus, and ovaries to the pelvic
girdle.

left(1): © iconogenic/Getty Images RF; left(2): © angelhell/Getty Images RF; left(3): © Monika Wisniewska/Getty Images RF; left(4): © Andrew Syred/Getty Images; right(1): © Russell Kightley/
Science Source; right(2): © Mediscan/Alamy; right(3): © Medical Body Scans/Science Source; right(4): © Eraxion/Getty Images RF; right(5): © mevans/Getty Images RF