Unit I – The Brain and Cranial Nerves

Chapter 14

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 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 14.1
Cerebral Rostral Caudal
hemispheres

Central sulcus

Gyri Cerebrum
Frontal lobe
Lateral sulcus

Central sulcus
Temporal lobe
Cerebellum

Parietal lobe

Brainstem

Occipital lobe
Spinal cord

Longitudinal fissure

(a) Superior view (b) Lateral view

Precentral gyrus Postcentral gyrus

Central sulcus

Frontal lobe Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe
Lateral sulcus

Temporal lobe Transverse

cerebral fissure

Cerebellum

Pone
Medulla
oblongata

(c) Lateral view

Spinal cord

c: © McGraw-Hill Education/Rebecca Gray, photographer

Fig. 14.2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Central sulcus

Parietal lobe
Cingulate gyrus

Corpus callosum

Parieto–occipital sulcus
Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
Thalamus
Habenula
Anterior Epithalamus
commissure Pineal gland

Hypothalamus
Posterior commissure
Optic chiasm

Mammillary body
Cerebral aqueduct
Pituitary gland
Fourth ventricle
Temporal lobe

Cerebellum
Midbrain

Pons

Medulla
oblongata

(a)

Cingulate gyrus

Corpus callosum Lateral ventricle

` Parieto–occipital
sulcus
Choroid plexus
Pineal gland
Thalamus

Hypothalamus Occipital lobe

Midbrain Posterior
commissure
Pons
Fourth ventricle

Cerebellum

Medulla
oblongata

(b)
b: © McGraw-Hill Education/Dennis Strete, photographer
Fig. 14.5

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Skull
Dura mater:
Periosteal layer
Subdural space
Meningeal layer
Subarachnoid
Arachnoid granulation space
Arachnoid mater
Superior sagittal
Blood vessel sinus

Falx cerebri
Pia mater (in longitudinal
fissure only)
Brain:
Gray matter
White matter
Fig. 14.6 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Caudal Rostral

Lateral ventricles Cerebrum

Interventricular Lateral ventricle
foramen
Interventricular
Third ventricle foramen
Cerebral Third ventricle
aqueduct Cerebral
Fourth ventricle aqueduct
Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle
Median aperture Lateral aperture

Central canal Median aperture

(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view

Rostral (anterior)

Longitudinal
fissure
Frontal lobe

Gray matter
(cortex)

White matter
Corpus callosum
(anterior part)
Lateral ventricle Caudate nucleus
Temporal lobe Septum
pellucidum
Third ventricle Sulcus
Lateral sulcus Gyrus
Insula
Thalamus
Lateral ventricle
Choroid plexus

Corpus callosum
Occipital lobe (posterior part)
Longitudinal
fissure

(c) Caudal (posterior)

c: © McGraw-Hill Education/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections

Fig. 14.7 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Arachnoid villus
8

Superior
sagittal
sinus

Arachnoid mater

1 CSF is secreted by
choroid plexus in Subarachnoid
each lateral ventricle. space
Dura mater
1
2 CSF flows through
interventricular foramina
into third ventricle. 2
Choroid plexus

3 Third ventricle
3 Choroid plexus in third
ventricle adds more CSF.

7
4
Cerebral
4 CSF flows down cerebral aqueduct
aqueduct to fourth ventricle.
Lateral aperture

5 Choroid plexus in fourth

ventricle adds more CSF. Fourth ventricle

6 5
6 CSF flows out two lateral apertures
and one median aperture.

7 CSF fills subarachnoid space and Median aperture

bathes external surfaces of brain
and spinal cord. 7

8 At arachnoid villi, CSF is reabsorbed

into venous blood of dural
Central canal
venous sinuses.
of spinal cord

Subarachnoid
space of
spinal cord
Fig. 14.8 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Diencephalon:
Thalamus
Infundibulum
Mammillary body Optic tract

Cranial nerves:
Midbrain:
Optic nerve (II)
Cerebral peduncle
Oculomotor nerve (III)

Trochlear nerve (IV)

Trigeminal nerve (V)

Abducens nerve (VI)

Pons
Facial nerve (VII)

Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

Vagus nerve (X)

Medulla oblongata: Accessory nerve (XI)

Regions of the brainstem
Pyramid Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Diencephalon
Anterior median fissure
Midbrain
Pyramidal decussation
Spinal nerves
Pons
Spinal cord
Medulla oblongata
(a) Ventral view

Diencephalon:
Thalamus
Lateral geniculate body
Pineal gland
Medial geniculate body Optic tract
Midbrain:
Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
Cerebral peduncle
Cerebellar peduncles
(cut edges):
Pons
Superior

Fourth ventricle Middle

Inferior

Medulla
Olive
oblongata

Cuneate fasciculus

Gracile fasciculus

Spinal cord

(b) Dorsolateral view

Fig. 14.9
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Posterior

Superior colliculus
Tectum
Cerebral aqueduct
Medial geniculate nucleus
Reticular formation Central gray matter

Cerebral peduncle: Oculomotor nucleus

Tegmentum Medial lemniscus
Red nucleus

Substantia nigra
(a) Midbrain

Cerebral crus

Oculomotor nerve (III)

(b) Pons
Anterior
(a) Midbrain
(c) Medulla
Vermis of cerebellum Fourth ventricle
Superior cerebellar
peduncle
Middle cerebellar
peduncle
Tectospinal tract
Trigeminal nerve nuclei
Sensory root of
trigeminal nerve
Trigeminal nerve

Reticular formation
Transverse fascicles
Medial lemniscus
Longitudinal fascicles

(b) Pons

Nucleus of
hypoglossal nerve Fourth ventricle
Gracile nucleus

Nucleus of
Cuneate nucleus vagus nerve

Reticular formation
Tectospinal tract
Medial lemniscus

Inferior olivary
nucleus
Olive
Hypoglossal nerve

Corticospinal tract Pyramids of medulla

(c) Medulla oblongata
Fig. 14.10 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Radiations to
cerebral cortex
Thalamus

Auditory input
Visual input

Reticular formation
Ascending general
sensory fibers
Descending motor
fibers to spinal cord
Fig. 14.11 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus Pineal gland
Posterior commissure

Cerebral aqueduct

Mammillary body
Midbrain
White matter
(arbor vitae) Oculomotor nerve

Gray matter
Fourth ventricle

Pons

Medulla oblongata

(a) Median section

Anterior Vermis

Anterior lobe

Posterior lobe

Folia
Cerebellar Posterior
hemisphere

(b) Superior view

Fig. 14.12 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Thalamic Nuclei

Anterior group Part of limbic system;

memory and emotion

Medial group Emotional output to prefrontal

cortex; awareness of emotions

Ventral group Somesthetic output to

postcentral gyrus; signals
from cerebellum and basal
nuclei to motor areas of cortex

Lateral group Somesthetic output to

association areas of cortex;
contributes to emotional function
Lateral geniculate nucleus
of limbic system

Medial geniculate nucleus

Posterior group Relay of visual signals to
occipital lobe (via lateral
(a) Thalamus
geniculate nucleus) and auditory
signals to temporal lobe (via
medial geniculate nucleus)

Hypothalamic Nuclei

Anterior nucleus Thirst; thermoregulation

Anterior
commissure Arcuate nucleus Regulates appetite: secretes
releasing hormones that
regulate anterior pituitary

Pineal Dorsomedial nucleus Rage and other emotions

gland
Superior Mammillary nuclei Relay between limbic system
colliculus and thalamus; involved in long-
term memory
Cerebral
aqueduct Paraventricular Produces oxytocin (involved
nucleus in childbirth, lactation, orgasm);
controls posterior pituitary

Posterior nucleus Functions with periaqueductal

Optic gray matter of midbrain in
chiasm emotional, cardiovascular, and
pain control
Mammillary body Preoptic nucleus Hormonal control of reproductive
functions

Suprachiasmatic Biological clock; regulates

nucleus circadian rhythms and female
Pituitary gland reproductive cycle

Supraoptic nucleus Produces antidiuretic hormone

(involved in water balance);
controls posterior pituitary

Ventromedial nucleus Satiety center (suppresses

hunger)
(b) Hypothalamus
Fig. 14.13

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Parietal lobe

Frontal lobe
Precentral Central Postcentral Taste
gyrus sulcus gyrus Somatic sensation
Abstract thought
Explicit memory Sensory integration
Mood Visual processing
Motivation Spatial perception
Foresight and planning Language processing
Decision making Numerical awareness
Emotional control
Social judgment
Occipital lobe
Voluntary motor control
Speech production
Visual awareness
Visual processing
Insula

Taste Temporal lobe

Pain
Visceral sensation Hearing
Lateral
Consciousness sulcus Smell
Emotion and empathy Emotion
Cardiovascular homeostasis Learning
Language comprehension
Memory consolidation
Verbal memory
Visual and auditory memory
Language
Fig. 14.14 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Association tracts
Projection tracts

Frontal lobe

Corpus callosum Parietal lobe

Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
(a) Sagittal section

Longitudinal fissure
Corpus callosum
Commissural tracts

Lateral ventricle

Basal nuclei Thalamus

Third ventricle

Mammillary body
Cerebral peduncle

Pons
Projection tracts
Pyramid
Decussation in pyramids Medulla oblongata

(b) Frontal section

Fig. 14.15
Fig. 14.16

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Cingulate
gyrus

Corpus
callosum
Fornix
Medial
prefrontal
Thalamic
cortex
nuclei
Orbitofrontal Mammillary
cortex body
Basal nuclei Hippocampus

Amygdala

Temporal lobe
Fig. 14.17

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Cerebrum

Corpus callosum

Lateral ventricle

Thalamus
Internal capsule
Caudate nucleus

Putamen Corpus
Insula Lentiform striatum
Third ventricle Globus pallidus nucleus
Hypothalamus Subthalamic nucleus
Optic tract
Pituitary gland
Fig. 14.20

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Primary somatosensory
Primary motor cortex
cortex
Somatosensory
association area

Motor association Primary gustatory

area cortex
Wernicke area
Broca area

Prefrontal Visual association

area
cortex
Primary
visual cortex

Olfactory
association Primary
auditory cortex
area
Auditory
association area
Fig. 14.21

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Anterior

Neck
Shou

Trunk
Arm
II III

lder
IV V
V
IV
Precentral I
II
III
gyrus Frontal Toes
lobe
Genitalia
Ey e
Nose
Central Face
sulcus Upper lip
Teeth, gums
Lower lip

Parietal Tongue

lobe
Abdominal
viscera
Viscerosensory area
Lateral sulcus
Postcentral Insula
gyrus Occipital
lobe
Posterior
Lateral Medial

(a) (b)
Fig. 14.22

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Anterior

Should

Trunk
Elbo
V
IV

w
III
Precentral

er
Frontal II Ankle
gyrus
lobe
I Toes

Brow
Central Eye a
nd ey
sulcus e lid
Face
Vocalization
Lips
Salivation
Jaw Mastication
Parietal Swallowing
lobe

Postcentral
gyrus
Occipital
lobe
Posterior

Lateral Medial
(a) (b)
Fig. 14.23
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(a) Input to cerebellum (b) Output from cerebellum

Motor cortex
Cerebrum

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Reticular formation
Brainstem Cerebellum

Brainstem
Eye

Inner ear

Reticulospinal
and vestibulospinal
Spinocerebellar tracts of spinal cord
tracts of spinal cord

Muscle and joint proprioceptors Limb and postural

muscles
Fig. 14.24

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Anterior Posterior

Precentral gyrus
Postcentral
gyrus

Speech center of
primary motor cortex
Angular
Primary auditory gyrus
cortex
(in lateral sulcus)
Primary
visual cortex
Broca
area
Wernicke
area
Fig. 14.25
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Left hemisphere Right hemisphere

Olfaction, right nasal cavity Olfaction, left nasal cavity

Anterior

Verbal memory Memory for shapes

(Limited language
Speech comprehension, mute)

Left hand motor control

Right hand
motor control
Feeling shapes with
Feeling shapes left hand
with right hand
Hearing nonvocal sounds
Hearing vocal sounds (left ear advantage)
(right ear advantage)
Musical ability
Rational, symbolic
thought Intuitive, nonverbal thought

Superior recognition of
Superior language faces and spatial
comprehension relationships
Posterior Vision, left field
Vision, right field
Fig. 14.26
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Frontal lobe
Frontal lobe
Longitudinal
Cranial nerves:
fissure
Olfactory bulb
(from olfactory nerve, I)

Olfactory tract
Olfactory tract
Optic chiasm
Optic nerve (II)
Temporal lobe
Temporal lobe
Oculomotor nerve (III)

Trochlear nerve (IV)

Infundibulum

Trigeminal nerve (V)

Optic chiasm

Pons Abducens nerve (VI)

Facial nerve (VII)

Pons
Medulla
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

Vagus nerve (X) Medulla

Cerebellum
oblongata
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Accessory nerve (XI)

Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Spinal cord

(a) (b)
b: © McGraw-Hill Education/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections
Table 14.1a
Fig. 14.27

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Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract

Cribriform plate of
ethmoid bone
Fascicles of
olfactory nerve (I)
Nasal mucosa
Fig. 14.28
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Eyeball

Optic nerve (II)

Optic chiasm
Optic tract

Pituitary gland
Table 14.1b
Fig. 14.29

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Oculomotor nerve (III):

Superior branch
Inferior branch

Ciliary ganglion
Fig. 14.30

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Superior oblique muscle

Trochlear nerve (IV)

Table 14.1c
Table 14.1d
Fig. 14.31 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

V1
V3
Ophthalmic division (V1)
Trigeminal ganglion V2
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Infraorbital
nerve Maxillary division (V2)
Mandibular division (V3)
Superior
alveolar nerves Distribution of sensory
fibers of each division
Lingual nerve
Anterior trunk
Inferior of V3 to chewing muscles
alveolar nerve

Temporalis muscle

Lateral pterygoid muscle

Medial pterygoid muscle

Masseter muscle

Anterior belly of
digastric muscle

Inset shows motor branches

of the mandibular division (V3)
Fig. 14.32

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Lateral rectus muscle

Abducens nerve (VI)

Table 14.1e
Fig. 14.33 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Facial nerve (VII)

Geniculate ganglion

Pterygopalatine ganglion

Lacrimal (tear) gland

Chorda tympani
branch (taste and
salivation)

Submandibular ganglion
Motor branch
Sublingual gland to muscles of
facial expression
Parasympathetic fibers to (b)

Submandibular gland

(a) Temporal

Zygomatic

Buccal

Mandibular

Tem
pora
l Cervical
Zygom
atic

Buccal

Mandibular
(b)

(c)

c: © McGraw-Hill Education/Joe DeGrandis, photographer

Table 14.1f
Fig. 14.34

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Vestibular ganglia
Semicircular Vestibular nerve
ducts Cochlear nerve

Vestibulocochlear
nerve (VIII)

Internal
acoustic meatus
Cochlea
Vestibule
Fig. 14.35
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Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

Superior ganglion
Inferior ganglion
Otic ganglion
Parotid salivary gland

Carotid sinus

Pharyngeal muscles
Table 14.1g
Fig. 14.36 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Pharyngeal nerve

Laryngeal nerve

Carotid sinus

Vagus nerve (X)

Lung

Heart
Spleen

Liver

Kidney

Stomach

Colon
(proximal portion)
Small intestine
Table 14.1h
Fig. 14.37
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Jugular
foramen Vagus nerve

Accessory nerve (XI)

Foramen
magnum

Sternocleidomastoid
Spinal nerves muscle
C3 and C4

Trapezius muscle

Posterior view
Fig. 14.38
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Intrinsic muscles
of the tongue

Extrinsic muscles
of the tongue

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Fig. 14.39 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Optic, oculomotor, trochlear, Olfactory nerve

and abducens nerves

VI IV III II I

Trigeminal nerve, branch V1

Facial nerve
V11
V

V1

VII

V2 Trigeminal nerve, branches

V2 – V3
Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII

V3 V22

V3

Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve

IX X

XII XI
Hypoglossal nerve Accessory nerve
Table 14.2
Fig. 14.40

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Rostral Caudal
Primary auditory cortex Premotor area Primary motor cortex

Visual cortex Wernicke area Broca area

1 The word car is seen in 2 Wernicke area conceives 3 Broca area compiles a 4 The primary motor cortex
the visual cortex. of the verb drive to go with it. motor program to speak executes the program and
the word drive. the word is spoken.
(all): © Marcus E. Raichle, MD, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri