Lecture 2: The Boney Skeleton

Chapter 7 and 8
Bone Density Changes over Life

Men

Bone Women
Density

Years
 Bone Density Changes,
Females at Risk

• A = normal
• B = predisposing factors (lack of exercise,nutrition…)
• C = post-menopause intervention
The Role Bones Play
• Provide a framework that supports the body
• Provides sites for muscle attachment
• Protective covering for certain organs and
regions of the body
• Certain bones contain red bone marrow
which produces new red blood cells
(hemopoietic Vs.
tissue)
• Bone acts as a storage medium and
“buffer” for calcium in the blood.
(Homeostasis!)
 Types of Bone
• Bones can be classified according to either the type of
bone tissue:
– compact bone
– spongy bone (trabecular)
OR
• the general morphology
of the bone:
– long bones
– short bones
– flat bones
– irregular bones
And
Sesamoid
Compact – The Osteon
The Axial Skeleton
• Skull
• vertebral column
• bony thorax
Skull
• brain’s protective shell
• even eggshells can be strong!
• joined by sutures
• Not stitches but fibrous joints
• Synarthrodial (vs. amphi and di-)

• contain foramina for passage of

nerves and vessels
What is a foramen again?
Bones of the Skull
• Cranium and facial bones

• Cranium: 8 large bones

1• frontal
2• parietal
3• temporal
4• occipital Cranial bones
5• sphenoid
6• ethmoid

Facial Bones
 Bones of Cranium
Frontal
λ
Lamda

Parietal Sphenoid
Pterion
Ethmoid

Occipital

Temporal

Mastoid Styloid
Process Process
Facial Bones
Lacrimal

Nasal
Zygomatic
Concha
Vomer

Maxillae

Mandible
See Table 7.1 nice review
(Mid) Sagittal View
Ethmoid & Bones
Perpendicular
plate

Superior Concha

Middle Concha
Inferior
Nasal
Concha Vomer

Ethmoid

Sphenoid Vomer

Palatine
Facial and associated bones:
FACIAL: nasal, maxillae, zygomatics,
mandible, lacrimal, palatines, conchae, vomer

Not Facial bones but close!

• A little lower is the hyoid bone
• Forgotten Bones of the head:
– 3 paired ossicles in middle ear

Malleus = Hammer
Incus = Anvil
Stapes = Stirrup
Cranial Fossa

anterior

middle

posterior
Foramen of the Skull
Cribriform plate
Orient Yourself
& Crista galli
FIRST! falx cerebri

Lesser
Optic foramen Wing
Foramen Greater
Rotundum Wing
Foramen
Ovale Sella
Turcica
Foramen Spinosum
Foramen Lacerum

Jugular
Foramen Foramen
Magnum
12 Cranial Nerves (I-XII)
Fissures

Superior Orbital
Fissure

Inferior Orbital
Fissure
The Vertebrae Column:
 C1

Nice Curves Cervical

C7
T1

Thoracic

T12
L1

Lumbar

L5
S1

Sacral
Anterior Aspect Lateral Aspect
S5
Coccyx
Typical Vertebra Spinous
Process
Lamina
Vertebral Arch
Transverse
Process

Superior
Articular Process

Facet

Pedicle Vertebral Foramen

Body or Centrum
Associated Structures Spinal Cord
Spinal nerve

Annulus Nucleus Pulposus

Fibrosus
IVD
Not All Vertebra are Created Equally!
 Cervical Bifurcated
spine
Orient yourself or suffer!

Facet

Body Transverse
How can I tell the Superior Articular
Facet from the Inferior Articular
Foramen
Facet? Or Conversely, How can I tell the
Rostral from Caudal ends of a vertebra?
Transverse
Up From Down? Process
The answer is on this page!

Body
Spinous
Process
 Special Cervical Vertebrae
Superior Articular Facets

Dens
C1
Articulates
With ? Atlas

C2
Spinous Axis
Process
 Thoracic
Lamina
Vertebrae
______ Art. Facet
Vertebral
Foramen Pedicle

Body
Superior
Articular
Demifacets
Facet
Demifacets
Or sup/inf
costal facet Rib Facet
Or
Transverse
Inferior Vertebral Notch Costal facet
Rib Orientation on thoracic
vertebrae
“Back” to the Vertebrae: Lumbar
Note:
• size of body
• thickness of vertebral
arch.
• Spinous process
Fused Vertebrae
Orient! Anterior from Posterior Surface?
Anterior Surface Posterior Surface

fused
vertebrae
make true
IVF

Coccyx
 Associated Structures: Ligamentum
Anterior
Supraspinous Longitudinal
Ligament Ligament

Interspinous
Ligament

Posterior
? Longitudinal
Ligament
IVD
Ligamentum •Nucleus Pulposus
Flavum •Annulus Fibrosus
 THE AXIAL
SKELETON: THE
RIB CAGE
The Axial Skeleton: The Rib Cage
• rib cage composed of
sternum, ribs and costal
cartilages
• sternum: manubrium, body,
xiphoid process
• 12 pairs of Ribs
– 1-7 are True b/c they
connect to sternum by
costal cartilage
– 8-12 are False
• 8, 9,10 attach to
costal cartilage of 7
• 11, 12 float
 Jugular

Sternum
Notch

Manubrium

Sternal angle

Body

Xiphisternal junction
Xiphoid
Process

Costal
Cartilage
Typical Rib Structure

Neck
The Appendicular Skeleton
Chapter 8
Appendicular Skeleton
Upper Lower
Pectoral: Clavicle and Pelvis: pubis, ilium,
scapula ischium
Humerus Femur
Radius and Ulna Tibia and Fibula

Carpal bones Tarsal bones

and bones of and bones of
hand foot
(metacarpals) (metatarsals)
Pectoral Girdle R. Clavicle

Acromion
Process
Of
Scapula

• Scapula and clavicle

Sternum

• Connected via one joint

(sternoclavicular joint)

• Connects upper extremity

(appendicular skeleton) to the
axial skeleton
Sternoclavicular Joint

Interclavicular Ligament (green) Sternoclavicular Ligament (red)

Manubrium

Costoclavicular Ligament (yellow)

Right Clavicle

For the
Coracoclavicular
ligament
Vascular Orientation

Note relationship of clavicle and 1st

rib to the major arteries of the neck
and upper extremity
Broken Collar
Bone
• most frequently
broken bone

• usually fractures at
lateral (distal)
third
Scapula Coracoid Process
Acromion

(Posterior View)

Superior Angle
Supraspinous
fossa
Glenoid
Fossa
Spine

Infraglenoid
tubercle

Medial Border
Infraspinous
fossa

Inferior Angle
Scapula
Suprascapular
Acromion Notch Superior Angle

Coracoid Subscapular
Process Fossa

supraglenoid
tubercle
Infraglenoid
tubercle

Inferior
Lateral Border Angle
(Sagittal View) (Anterior View)
Humerus Head
(Proximal)
Greater Tubercle

Lesser tubercle

Bicipital groove
(intertubercular)

Surgical Neck

Anatomical Neck

Deltoid tuberosity
Humerus A P
(Distal)

Deltoid
Deltoid tuberosity tuberosity

Medial epicondyle
Coronoid
Coronoid fossa
Fossa
Olecronon fossa
Olecranon
Fossa

Radial fossa Medial

Capitulum Epicondyle

Capitulum
Trochlea
Trochlea
 Ulna & Radius
Proximal
Head of
Radius
Small to Big Ulnar
Tuberosity

Radial Distal
Tuberosity Head of
(bicipital tuberosity) Ulna
Big to Small
Styloid Process Styloid process
of of
Radius Ulna

Right Forearm
 Distal Humerus
Coronoid Fossa

? Epicondyle
Radial Fossa

Capitulum

Trochlea

Which Arm?
Radial & Ulnar Details
Olecranon
Coronoid
Trochlear Process
Notch
Radial (Bicipital)
Coronoid Tuberosity
Process
Interosseous
Radial
membrane
Notch

Radioulnar
Joints
D&P Distal Head
Lateral view Proximal
of Ulna
Ulnar Head Styloid
D
processes
Supination & Pronation
Right Wrist & Hand (Palmar)
Learn How to Tell Palmar
From Dorsal View

Medial Lateral
 The Pelvis Girdle:
Prominent Bony Features Iliac crest
Inguinal ligament
Ant.
Sup.
Iliac
Spine
ASIS

Pubic
Symphysis
AIIS

Rami
Acetabulum of pubis

Pubic tubercle Pubic arch

 Lateral View
ASIS

ILL
AIIS
Greater
Sciatic
Notch
Obturator
lesser Foramen

Ischial
Spine

Ischial
Tuberosity
Ischial tuberosity ISC
Rami
 Review the Pelvis
Proximal
Femur

Greater Head
Trochanter

Neck Fovea
Capitis

Lesser Trochanter
Distal
Femur Gluteal
tuberosity

Linea aspera

Patellar
Surface Adductor tubercle

Condyles
 Distal Femur and Proximal
Tibia/Fibula
Patella
patellla
Epicondyle
Epicondyle

condyle
Condyle
Head and
Head and Neck
Neck of fibula
of fibula Tibial
Tibial tuberosity
Tuberosity

Right Knee
 1 2
Tibia and Fibula
4 3 1. Condyles (Tibial Plateau)
2. Intercondylar
eminence
3. Tibial tuberosity
4. Head and neck
of fibula
5. Malleolus
Interosseous
(medial/lateral)
membrane
5
Which is the weight bearing bone?
 Distal Shank n’ Ankle
Fibula Tibia
Which side?

Lateral Malleolus
Talus

Calcaneous
 Bones
of Phalanges
Ankle
&
Meta-
Foot medial cuneiform tarsals

Superior View intermediate cuneiform lateral cuneiform

Which Foot?
Navicular Cuboid

Text
Tarsals
Text

Text
Bones of Ankle and Foot
Lateral View

Medial View
Which Foot?
ARCHES!?!

Transverse Arch

Medial Longitudinal Arch (High)

Lateral Longitudinal Arch (Low)