BMSC 1005 Anatomy

Dr. Joshua K.S. Ko

Associate Professor
(SCM405)
Tel: 3411-2907 E-mail: jksko@hkbu.edu.hk
Axial Skeleton
True ribs (7)
False ribs (3)
Floating ribs (2)
The Cranium vs. Facial Skeleton

 Cranium – “skull without the mandible”

 Dome-like roof – the calvaria (skullcap)
 Cranial base: sphenoid bone + parts of
occipital and temporal bones
 Facial skeleton: bones surrounding the mouth
& nose + contribute to the orbit
Sagittal suture

The 3 Cranial Sutures

 1x

1x
ETHMOID
BONE

2x

2x
1x

1x

8 Cranial Bones
 2x
2x

2x
2x

2x
1x
1x

12 (out of 14)
Facial Bones
2x

The Remaining 2 Facial Bones

Perpendicular plate
of palatine bone
Cranial Foramen
(anterior view)
Cranial Foramen
(cranial floor view)
Cranial Foramen
(cranial base view)
 Supraorbital
foramen/notch Sup. orbital
fissure

Infraorbital
foramen

Auriculo-
temporal n.

Mandibular
branch of
facial n. (VII)

Mental foramen
Injury of the Facial Nerves in Newborns

Facial Nerve
Canal

Mastoid
Process
 Injury of the Facial Nerves in
Newborns
 Infants at birth have the absence of the
mastoid and styloid processes.
 Close proximity of facial nerves to the
facial surface due to lack of protection by
the two processes.
 Chance of facial nerves injury by delivery
forceps during a difficult delivery.
Paranasal Sinuses
Functions of sinuses:
1. Warming of incoming air
2. Moisturizing incoming air
3. Reduce skull weight
4. Resonance in vocalization
Note: Sinusitis & Encephalitis
Pterion:
The weakest point
of the human skull
 Fracture of the Pterion
 H-shaped formation of sutures from 3 cranial
bones (frontal, parietal & sphenoid)
 A blow to the side of the head – fracture
 Rupture of anterior branch of middle meningeal
artery passing behind the pterion
 Hematoma   pressure on underlying
cerebral cortex (brain)  death within a few
hours
 Vertebra
Prominence
 Abnormal Curvatures of the
Vertebral Column
Kyphosis (hunchback)
 Abnormal increase in thoracic curvature
 Vertebral column curves posteriorly
 Result from erosion/fracture of ant. part of
one or more vertebra (demineralization
due to osteoporosis)
 Annular fibrosus

Nucleus pulposus
 Regional Characteristics of
Vertebrae (Cervical)
 C1 & C2: transverse ligament of atlas
 C7: vertebra prominence
 Large vertebral foramina in C3-C7: cervical
enlargements (limbs innervation)
 Foramina of transverse process
– vertebral arteries (except C7)
(From an ancient Greek mythology)
 Regional Characteristics of
Vertebrae (Thoracic)
 T1-4 have similar features as cervical vertebra
 T1 has a long spinous process as C7
 T1 has a ‘complete’ costal facet on superior
edge for rib 1 + a demifacet on inferior edge for
rib 2
 T5-8: for typical ribs articulation
 T9-12: atypical with tubercles (for attachement
to deep back muscles around vertebral column)
(heart-shaped)
 Regional Characteristics of
Vertebrae (Lumbar)
 L5: largest of all movable vertebrae
 It carries the weight of whole upper body
and transmit to base of sacrum (S1
superior surface)
 Form the lumbosacral angle (with thicker
vertebral body anteriorly)
(kidney-
shaped)
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar
Subpubic angle:

A narrow subpubic angle causes difficulty during parturition

Appendicular Skeleton
 General
Acromial end
Anatomy of clavicle

Acromion

Surface anatomy

Tubercle of iliac crest

Ant. sup. iliac spine
 s
in ou
General sp s
C7 roces
p
Anatomy

L4 spinous
process
Surface anatomy
Dislocation of the
Elbow Joint
Colles Fracture

Colles fracture:
• Caused by using an outstretched (extended) forearm to secure the body during a forward fall
• Leading to derangement of the normal alignment at the distal radioulnar joint
• Possible fracture at the distal fragment of radius and/or avulsion (torn off) of the ulnar styloid process
• These result in a forward displacement of the proximal part of the fractured radius to override the distal part that contains the radial styloid
process (“dinner fork deformity”)
Tubercle of
iliac crest

Iliac tuberosity
 (Pecten pubis)

Pubic crest
Tubercle of
iliac crest

Anterior
superior
iliac spine

Pubic tubercle
Pubic tubercle

Pubic crest
 Dislocation of the Hip Joint
(e.g. automobile accidents)
 Popliteal
surface

Soleal line
Soleal line
(open or closed) – caused by extraordinary compression force