Specific osteology

Skeleton axiale
• Cranium (skull)
• Truncus (trunk)
Bones of human: 206

 Skeleton axiale (80)

 Cranium (22) hyoid (1), ossicula

auditoria (6) = (29)

 Truncus:

 Ossa costae, sternum (25)

 Columna vertebralis (26)

 Skeleton appendiculare (126)

 Cingulum ekstrimitas cranialis (4)

 Ekstrimitas cranialis (60)

 Cingulum ekstrimitas caudalis (2)

 Ekstrimitas caudalis (60)

Skull division
 Based on the articulation, the
skull can be subdivided into
cranium and mandible 
connected by
temporomandibular joint
 Based on the position
cranium itself is divided into:
 calvaria (cranial

vault/skullcap)
 basis cranii (cranial base)
Skull division (cont’d)

 Based on the function

skull can be divided
into:
 Neurocranium
 Viscerocranium/splachn
ocranium
Neurocranium (8)
 Larger; superior-posterior; to
protect brain.
 The skull protects the brain
and the organs of special
senses
 Unpaired:
 Frontale, ethmoidale,
sphenoidale, occipitale
 Paired:
 Temporale, parietale
Viscerocranium (14)
 Smaller; inferior-anterior; to
form frame for eyes, nose,
and mouth.
 Cranial parts of the
respiratory and digestive
tracts
 Unpaired: mandibula, vomer
 Paired:
 Maxilla, nasale, lacrimale,
palatinum, zygomaticum,
concha nasalis inferior
 parietal bone

Frontal bone Sphenoid bone

Temporal bone

Zygomatic bone
Occipital bone

Nasal bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Zygomatic: Gk. Zygoma, yolk

Mandibulae
 Corpus
 Margo superior: arcus alveolaris

 Margo inferior: basis

 Outside: protuberantia mentalis,

foramen mentale
 Inside: spina mentalis, linea

mylohyoidea

 Ramus:
 Processus coronoideus

 Process Condyloideus

 Incisura mandibularis

 foramen mandibularis; lingula

mandibulae
Calvaria
Superior
 Bones: frontale, parietale (2),
occipitale
 Sutura:

 coronaria,

 sagittalis

 lambdoidea

Facies interna
 sulcus sagittalis ~ sinus sagittalis
superior
 Sulcus arteriosus ~ a. meningea

Facies posterior
 protuberantia occipitalis externa

 Linea nuchae superior et inferior

L. Sutura = sew
Facies interna basis cranii

Base of skull forms 3 fossae:

 Fossa cranii anterior

 Fossa cranii media

 Fossa cranii posterior

Fossa cranii anterior
 Formed by pars orbital os
frontalis, lamina cribrosa
os ethmoidale, ala parva
os sphenoidale
 Structures:
 Crista frontalis

 foramen caecum ~

v.emissaria
 crista galli

 Lamina cribriformis

 Foramina cribriformis

~ N.olfactorius (I)

L. ethmoid = sieve; L. cribriform = sieve-like

 Fossa cranii media (1)
 Formed by corpus&ala magne
os sphenoidale, pars petrosa
os temporale
 Structures:
 corpus os sphenoidale

 canalis opticus ~ N.opticus

(II)
 processus clinoideus

anterior
 process clinoideus

posterior
 sella turcica ~ gld. pituitary

L. Sphenoid = wedgelike; L. Sella turcica = Turk’s saddle

Fossa cranii media (2)
 canalis caroticus ~…
 fissura orbitalis superior
 medial~….; lateral~….

 foramen rotundum ~ …
 foramen ovale ~ …
 foramen spinosum ~ …
 foramen lacerum ~…
 tegmen tympani=roof of cavum
tympani
Fossa cranii posterior
 Formed by os occipital &
pars petrosus os temporal
 Structures:
 foramen magnum~

medulla spinalis;
N.accessorius (XI)
 canalis hypoglossi~…

 protuberance occipitalis

interna
 foramen jugularis

(between pars petrosus os

temp. & os occ.)
 meatus acusticus internus

~…
Basis cranii (facies inferior)
 Arcus alveolaris os palatina
 Foramen incisivum
 ~ a.palatina major;n.nasopalatinus

 Apertura nasalis posterior (Choane)

 Processus pterygoideus
 Condylus occipitalis
 Canalis hypoglossus~…
 Canalis caroticus~…
 Processus styloideus
 Foramen stylomastoideum
 ~a/v.stylomastoidea;n.facialis

 Fossa mandibularis
 Tuberculum articularis
Basis cranii (facies inferior)
Facies lateralis cranii
 Porus acusticus externus
 Processus mastoideus
 Arcus zygomaticus
 Fossa temporalis
Facies anterior cranii

 Regio frontalis:
 squama frontalis
 tuber frontalis
 arcus superciliaris
 glabella
Clinical correlation:
 Cleft palate
 Craniosynostosis , ex:
Crouzon’s syndrome
(sagittal)
 Mandibulofacial
dysostosis (Treacher
Collin syndrome)
 Sutural/wormian bones
 Sutura metopica

metopic suture = Gk. Metopon, forehead

General characters of the skull at
birth
 The skull at birth is large in proportion
to rest of the skeleton ―1/4 (adult 1/7)
 The facial portion equals about 1/8 that
of the cranium in size, whereas in adult
it is one half (1/2)
 Many bones consist of more than one
piece
 Cranial fontanelles ―unossified
membrane between the bones at the
angles of parietal
 Anterior frontanelle ―closes during
middle of 2nd year
 Posterior frontanelle ―closes by the
end of 2nd month after birth
 Mastoid fontanelle

 Sphenoidal fontanelle
Sinus paranasalis
Paired air spaces in bones of the skull
surrounding nasal area,
communicates via ducts into the
nasal cavity.
Which drain into meatus nasi media:
1. Sinus frontalis

2. Sinus maxillaris

3. Sinus ethmoidalis

Which drain into recessus

sphenoethmoidalis:
1. Sinus sphenoidalis
Clinical correlation:
 The moist and warm vascular lining within the nasal
cavity is susceptible to infections. Infections of the nasal
cavity can spread to the several areas:
1. Sinus paranasalis
2. The eyes via the ductus nasolacrimalis
3. The middle ear, from nasopharynx via tuba auditorius.
Prolonged middle ear infection (acute otitis media) can
cause mastoid air cells infection called mastoiditis
4. Meninges via the sheaths of the N. olfactorius which
pass through lamina/foramina cribriformis 
meningitis
Fig. meningitis, mastoiditis
Fig. lateral wall of nasal cavity
Fig. The section of temporal bones to shows mastoid air
cells, mastoid antrum, and middle ear.
Quiz:

 Name the structures through each foramen at

the base cranii!

State the definition and the clinical

importance of the points at cranium (vertex,
glabella, asterion, pterion)!
Skeleton axiale (truncus)
 Consists of: costae, sternum, columna
vertebralis (vertebrae, sacrum, vertebrae,
sacrum, coccyx)

Vertebrae:
*) Children, vertebrae=33, arranged as follows:
 Vertebrae cervicalis: 7

 Vertebrae thoracalis: 12

 Vertebrae lumbalis: 5

 Vertebrae sacral: 5 ( sacrum)

 Vertebrae coccygeal: 3~4 ( coccyx)

Columna vertebralis

 Vertebrae separated
by discus
intervertebralis

 Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location

Figure 5.14
Structure of a typical vertebrae

(corpus)
General features of vertebrae
 Corpus vertebrae
 Arcus vertebrae
 Pediculus:
 Incisura vertebrae sup. dan inf.
 foramen intervertebralis
 Lamina consists of:
 processus (7):
 process spinousus (1)

 process transversus (2)

 processus articularis sup.

dan inf. (4)

 foramen vertebralis
Vertebral canal
Regional variations of vertebrae
Vertebrae cervicalis
 Corpus vertebrae: small
 foramen vertebralis: larger;
triangular
 processes spinosus:
 C3-C5: short & bifida
 C6: long
 C7: longest; not bifida
 processus transversus: short,
bifida, foramen transversum
 processus articular: horizontal
Atypical vertebrae

Atlas (C1)
 Corpus dan

processus spinousus
are absent
 Terdapat:

 arcus anterior,
posterior
 2 lateral masses
 Groove/sulcus for
arteri vertebralis
Axis (C2):
 Have dens epistropheus
 Facies articularis anterior
articulates with fovea dentis,
arcus anterior os atlas
C6:
 Tuberculum caroticum:
tuberculum anterior dari
processus transverse C6

Vertebra prominens (C7):

 processus spinosus: long;
blunt (no bifid)
 Can be palpated when
flexion of the neck
 Used as clinical landmark in
counting cervical and
thoracic spinous processes.
Vertebrae thoracalis
 Corpus vertebrae:
heart-shape, fovea costalis superior
& inferior
 Foramen vertebralis: smaller;
rounder
 Processus spinosus:
long, point oblique-inferior
 Processus transversus:
fovea costal transversalis
 Processus articularis: coronal
 Vertebrae lumbalis
 Corpus vertebrae: larger,
kidney-shape
 Foramen vertebralis:
larger; triangular
 Processus spinosus: projects
horizontally
 Processus transversus: long
 processus articularis: projects
sagitally
 (+) processus
mammilaris&accesorium 
proc. artic. sup.
Sacrum
 Facies anterior:
promontorium, foramina
sacralis anteriora (4 pairs)
 Facies posterior:
crista sacralis media,
foramina sacral posterior (4
pairs), crista sacralis
intermedia, crista sacralis
lateralis, hiatus sacralis,
cornu sacralis
 Pars lateralis:
 Facies auricularis: tuberositas
sacralis
 Cornu

Hiatus sacralis

palpation

Trans-sacral (epidural) anasthesia

Clinical correlation:
 Scoliosis; kyphosis; lordosis
 Laminectomy
 Surgical removal of the processus spinosus and their supporting
lamina vertebralis  to relieve pressure on the corda spinalis or
nerve root caused by blood clot, tumor, herniated/ruptured discus
intervertebralis
 Coccygeal trauma; fx-dislocation of the sacrococcygeal joint
Note:
In aging, decrease of height (0,5- 2cm) occur between the ages 50-55
because of compression and shrinkage of the discus intervertebralis
which collectively account for 25% of the height of columna
vertebralis.
Quiz:

 Discuss the curves of the vertebral column,

the origin, and the location of the curves!
(Module task)
Sternum
 Manubrium sterni :
incisura jugularis, incisura
clavicularis, incisura costalis
 Corpus sterni
 Processus xiphoideus

*) Angulus sternalis:
The angle of the junction of
manubrium and corpus sterni
which connects costal cartilage
II laterally; lies opposite lower
border of V.Th.IV posteriorly

Sternum = chest; manubrium = handle; xiphoid = sword; costae = rib

Costae (12 pairs)

 General features:
 Costae 1~7 = costae
vera
 Costae 8~10 = costae

spuriae
 Costae 11~12 =

costae (spuriae)
fluitantes
 Intercostal spaces (ICS) is
space between the ribs 
musculus intercostalis
Characteristic of typical os costae
 Posterior end:
 capitulum costae: facies articularis superior et inferior
capituli costae, crista capituli costae
 collum costae
 tuberculum costae: facies articularis tuberculi costae
 Corpus:
 angulus costae
 sulcus costae (~ anterior end)
Atypical os costae
 Costae I:
tuberculum musculi
scaleni anterior, sulcus
arteri/vena subclavia
 Costae XI dan XII lack
of collum costae,
tuberculum, and
angulus costae.
Clinical correlation:
 Fx of the ribs are most frequent between ribs 3 and 10.
The 1st two pair of ribs are protected by the clavicles; the
last two pairs move freely and will give with an impact.
Little can be done to assist the healing of broken ribs
other than binding them tightly to limit movement.