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Ch.10- Cell Growth and Division

10.1 Cell Growth, Division
and Reproduction
Limits to Cell Size  The larger a cell becomes, the more demands it places on DNA
 Larger cells are less efficient at moving wastes and nutrients across the
cell membrane
Information “Overload” –
 DNA stores information for cell growth
 As the cell gets bigger, the DNA does not
 A “crisis” could occur if there was not enough DNA to serve the
growing cell
Exchanging Materials
 Cell size is limited also because food, water, oxygen and wasts need to
move across the cell membrane
 As the cell grows, the surface area does not increase as the volume
does
Division of the cell
 Before it gets too large, a cell will divide into 2 “daughter” cells
 The process is called cell division
 Before a cell can divide, it has to copy all of its DNA
 Each daughter cell gets one complete copy of the DNA
 Cell division is caused by an increase in the ratio of surface area to
volume for each daughter cell.
Cell Division and Asexual Reproduction
Reproduction  Cell division is only form of reproduction for many single celled
organisms
 Population size can increase very quickly
 Cell division produces new cells that are genetically identical the the
cells that produced them
 Can also occur in many multicellular organisms
Sexual Reproduction
 Requires the fusion of two separate parent cells
 Offspring produced inherit genetic information from each parent
Comparing Sexual and Asexual reproduction
 Species survive by reproducing
 The better suited a species is to its environment, the greater its chance
for survival
 Asexual reproduction is a survival strategy for single celled organisms
 They reproduce quickly
 Genetically identical offspring is an advantage as long as conditions
remain favorable
 Sexual reproduction requires finding a mate and growth and
development of offspring
 Sexual reproduction requires more time
  It is an advantage for species that live in areas with seasonal changes
 Provides more genetic diversity
 The right combination of genetic information may make an individual
more likely to survive adverse conditions
 Some organisms use both sexual and asexual reproduction

10.2 The Process of Cell Chromosomes

Division  Cells make a complete copy of their genetic information (DNA) before
cell division begins
 DNA is very large in comparison to the cell
 Genetic information is bundled into packages of DNA called
chromosomes
Prokaryotic Chromosomes
 Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus
 Their DNA molecules are found in the cytoplasm
 Most contain a single circular DNA chromosome that contains nearly
all the cell’s genetic information
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
 Have much more DNA than prokaryotes
 Contain multiple chromosomes (human cells have 46, fruit flies have 8,
carrots have 18)
 Chromatin – chromosome and protein (histone)
 Chromosomes make it possible to separate DNA precisely during cell
division
The Cell Cycle Cells grow, prepare for division, and divide to form 2 daughter cells

The Prokaryotic Cell Cycle- Binary Fission

 Can take place rapidly under ideal conditions
 Begin to copy their DNA when they get to a certain size
 When replication is complete, they begin to divide
 The two different DNA molecules attach to different regions of the cell
membrane
 Network fibers form between them stretching from one side of the
cell to the other
 Fibers pinch the cell , dividing the cytoplasm & chromosomes between
two newly formed cells.
 The result is two genetically identical cells
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
 Consists of four phases:
o G1 Phase – Cell Growth
 G- stands for “gap”
 Increase in size and synthesis new proteins and
organelles
 G phases are periods of intense growth and activity
o S Phase – DNA Replication
 “S” stands for synthesis the forming or building of a
more complex substance or compound from elements or
simpler compounds.
 New DNA is synthesized when the chromosomes are
copied
 Cell contains twice as much DNA at the end of the S
phase
o G2 Phase – Preparing for cell division
 The shortest of the of all three phases of interphase
 Many organelles and molecules required for cell
division are produced
o M Phase – Cell Division
 “M” stands for mitosis
 Follows interphase and produces two daughter cells
 Interphase takes a long time, but mitosis occurs rapidly
 2 main stages of mitosis
1. Mitosis, division of the cell nucleus
2. Cytokinesis, division of the cytoplasm
- The two stages can overlap
Mitosis Consists of four phases and can last from a few minutes to several days
PMAT
Prophase
 Genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the duplicated
chromosomes become visible
 Duplicated strands of DNA are attached at the centromere
 Each DNA strand in the chromatid is referred to as a chromatid
 The cell starts to build a spindle that will help separate the duplicated
chromosomes
 Spindle fibers extend from an area called the centrosome where tiny
paired structures called centrioles are located
 The centrioles start to move toward opposite ends or poles of the cell
 The nuclear envelope breaks down
Metaphase
 Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes line up across the center of
the cell
 Spindle fibers connect the centromere of each chromosome to the
poles of the spindle

Anaphase
 Begins when sister chromatids separate and begin to move apart
 Each sister chromatid is now considered a chromosome
 The chromosomes move along spindle fibers to opposite ends of the
cell

Telophase
 The chromosomes, which were distinct and condensed, begin to
spread out into a tangle of chromatin
 A nuclear envelope reforms around each cluster of chromosomes
 The spindle breaks apart and the nucleolus becomes visible in each
daughter cell
Cytokinesis Completes the process of cell division – splits one cell into two

In Animal Cells
 The cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is pinched into
2 almost equal parts
 Each part contains its own nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles
In Plant Cells
 Cell wall is too rigid to bend inward
 A cell plate forms halfway between the divided nuclei
 The cell plate eventually develops into cell membranes that separate
the daughter cells
 Then a cell wall forms
10.3 Regulating the Cell Cycle
Controls on Cell Division  When cells divide, they will usually stop dividing when they come into
contact with each other
 If cells are scraped away, neighboring cells will divide until they come
in contact with other cells again
  When skin is cut or a bone breaks, cells will divide rapidly to start the
healing process
 When healing is almost complete, cell division slows down until the
wound is healed
The Discovery of Cyclins
 In the 1980’s, scientists discovered cyclin
 Cyclin is a protein found in cells during mitosis
 It regulates the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
Regulatory Proteins
 The cell cycle is controlled by regulatory proteins both inside and
outside the cell
Internal Regulators
 Respond to events occurring inside the cell
 Allow the cycle to proceed only when certain events have occurred
inside the cell itself
 Ex. cyclins make sure a cell does not enter mitosis until the
chromosomes have been copied
External regulators
 Proteins that respond to events outside the cell
 Direct cells to speed up or slow down the cell cycle
 Prevents excessive cell growth and keeps body tissues from disrupting
each other
Apoptosis
 Programmed cell death
 The cell and its chromatin shrink
 Parts of the cell membrane break off
 Neighboring cells clean up the cell’s remains
 Plays a key role in development by shaping the structure of tissues and
organs in plants and animals

Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Cancer – a disorder in which body cells lose the ability to control growth
Growth
 Cancer cells do not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of
most cells
 As a result, the cells divide uncontrollably
 Cancer cells form a mass of cells called a tumor
 Not all tumors are cancerous (benign)
 Benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body
  Cancerous tumors are malignant
 Malignant tumors invade and destroy surrounding healthy tissue
 As cancer cells spread they:
1. take up nutrients needed by other cells
2. block nerves
3. prevent organs they invade from performing properly
What causes cancer?
 Defects in genes that regulate cell growth and division
 Sources include:
o Chewing or smoking tobacco
o Radiation exposure
o Defective genes
o Viral infection
 Control over the cell cycle is broken down
Treatments for Cancer
 Can be removed by surgery (ex. Skin cancer)
 Radiation
 Chemotherapy –
o chemical compounds that kill cancer cells or slow their growth
o interfere with division of normal healthy cells