CELL The Cell Cycle
Cell
 Basic Unit of Life
 Serves as it’s basic functioning unit
Two Major Categories:
 EUKARYOTES
 PROKARYOTES
Prokaryote – Greek PRO(Before) KARYON
( Nucleus) means “Before the nucleus”.
Eukaryotes – those cells that starts out with
a nucleus. Greek, EU (true), KARYON
(Nucleus).
Difference between PRO & EU
PROKARYOTIC
- Prokaryotic Cells include bacteria
- Prokaryotic Cells have a cell
membrane and cytoplasm but
without nucleus.
- Most Prokaryotic Cells are
surrounded by stiff cell wall
- Prokaryotic Cells are usually very
small
- Ribosomes of Prokaryotic Cells
contain more different proteins than
those found in eukaryotes.
- MITOSIS
EUKARYOTES
- Plants, animals, protists and fungi
are made up of eukaryotic cells.
- Eukaryotic cells are larger
- Eukaryotic cells contains a variety of
membranous organelles
- Eukaryotic cells have true nucleus-
an organelle consisting of a double
layer of membrane that encloses the
genetic material.
CELL DIVISION – cells reproduce by dividing
into two called. Each dividing cell is called
mother or parent cell and it’s descendants
are called daughter cells. Parents cell
transmit DNA to daughter cells. Cell division
is often referred to as cellular reproduction.
The cell cycle is a series of events
that cells go through as they grow
and divided.
Phases of Cell Cycle
 M phase – the division of the
cell nucleus or mitosis takes
place.
 Cytokinesis – the division of
the cytoplasm takes place
during this phase.
 G1 phase – a period of
activity in which cells do
most of their growing cells
increase in size and synthesis
new proteins and organelles.
 S phase – which follows the
G1 is when the
chromosomes are replicated
and the synthesis of DNA
occurs.
 G2 phase – the shortest of
the three phases of
interface.
Comes from greek word “mitos”
meaning “thread” describing the
threadlike chromosomes that
appear in the cell just before it
divides into two. Mitosis occurs in
somantic or body cells.
 Prophase – the chromatin
condenses into
chromosomes.
 Metaphase – the
chromosomes line up at the
center of the cell or at its
equator.
 Anaphase – the sister
chromatids separate into
individual chromosomes and
move apart.
  Telophase – the
chromosomes gather at
opposite ends of the cell and
lose their distinct shapes.
MEIOSIS
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY – Study of
relationship between microbes and the
environment.
PLANKTON – algae bacteria serve as food
for many microscopic organisms in the
ocean.

- Type of cell division that occurs only BIOTECHNOLOGY – use of microorganisms

on reproductive cells or gametes. In in industry.
humans and all other mammals,
meiosis in reproductive cells results ANTIBIOTIC – is a substance produced by
in sperms and eggs. microorganism that are effective in killing or
- inhibiting the growth of other
Difference between mitosis and meiosis microorganisms.

 Meiosis results in the production of Infectious diseases – results when a

daughter cells that have half the
number of chromosomes of the
parent cell.
 Daughter cells that are produced by
meiosis are not all alike
 The number cells produced by
meiosis is different. In mitosis one
parent cell produces two daughter
cells while in meiosis one parent’s
cell divides twice to produce four
daughter cells.
pathogen colonizes the body and
subsequently causes disease.
Microbial intoxification – person ingests a
toxin (poisonous substance)
VIRUSES
They possess either DNA or RNA, unlike
living cells, which possess both.
They are unable to replicate or multiply on
their own.

MICRO-ORGANISM Unlike cells, they do not divide by binatu

- Are said to be ubiquitous, meaning fission
they are virtually everywhere.
Microbiology – study of microorganisms
Pathogens – Disease – causing
microorganism.
Nonpathogenic- do not cause disease

Indigenous microflora – microbes that can

prevent or reduce the growth of pathogens.

Opportunistic pathogens or opportunists –

organisms that colonize our bodies.

Decomposer or Saprophytes – an organism

that lives on dead and or decaying organic
matter.

BIOREMEDIATION – capable of
decomposing industrial wastes.